Complete Milking. 



ments which are made by them relative to stable hygiene must in- 

 crease the cost of keeping the animals, and thereby increase the 

 cost of the milk. This view is only justified to a slight extent. 

 Stable hygiene if satisfactorily adjusted will result in a considera- 

 ble increase in the yield of the dairy animals. 



The economic losses which are induced by udder affections, 

 which spread with especial rapidity in filthy stables and from 

 unclean milking, have been discussed in a special chapter. Atten- 

 tion should only be directed here to the increased production fol- 

 lowing proper attention to cleanliness of the animals, and to the 

 findings of Bloymeyer and others, according to which cows in well 

 ventilated stables, all other things being equal, yielded from 450 

 to 480 liters more milk per head each year than cows kept in unven- 

 tilated stables. 



The favorable influence of exercise and light work has also 

 been discussed above. If possible the animals should be given an 

 opportunity to run out of doors in a paddock for at least one to two 

 hours daily, even in the winter months. 



Of all outside influences, regular and complete milking con- 

 stitutes the most prominent stimulant for inducing the activity of 

 the udder. It is known that cows which are milked three or four 

 times in each twenty-four hours give more milk than those which 

 are milked only twice (Backhaus). The increased yield from milk- 

 ing three times amounts to from 10 to 15% more than the pro- 

 duction obtained from two milkings ; in four milkings the increase 

 amounts to from 6 to 8% as compared with three milkings. 



The quantity and composition of the milk at each milking de- 

 pend somewhat upon the time which has elapsed since the last milk- 

 ing. According to general experience the morning milk is of 

 greater quantity with a smaller amount of fat, in comparison with 

 quantity and fat content of the evening milk. During the night 

 absolute rest prevails, whereas during the day the influence of light 

 and motion causes an increase of metabolism which is also mani- 

 fested in the variations of the body temperature shown by the 

 animal in the morning and evening. 



The differences in milk, which are obvious in irregular or 

 so-called broken milkings, may be explained in a different way ; that 

 is while the milk at the beginning of the milking contains 0.5 to 

 1.5% fat, in the middle of the milking it shows 2 to 3 to 4%, and 

 again rises towards the end, during the last strokes of milking to 

 8 and 10% (Melander, Kaull, Gotta, de Vrieze). The fat-free solid 

 substances are subject to slight changes (according to Boussin- 

 gault the fluctuation amounts to from 0.2 to 0.28%). The condi- 

 tions in the milk when the calf sucks are similar. 



A truly plausible explanation can hardly be given to the supposition of a separation 

 of cream in the udder (Zschokke) ; likewise it hardly seems reasonable to suppose that 

 the thin plasma particles flow towards the cistern, while the fat globules as a result of 

 greater fusion and friction are retained, and are only pressed towards the larger milk 

 ducts and the cistern by the newly formed milk which is secreted during the act of 

 10 



