100 



PISCES 



CLASS I 



Family 13. Gonorhynchidae. 



Fremaxilla smaller than maxilla, hut excluding latter from margin of upper jaw. 

 No adipose dorsal fin. No air hladder. Scales deeply overlapping^ fringed behind 

 with short spines. Cretaceous to Recent. 



Gharitosomus, W. v. d. Marck. Upper Cretaceous ; Westphalia and 

 Lebanon. 



Notogoneus, Cope (Sphenolepis, Ag.). Freshwater Eocene (Green River 

 Shales) ; Wyoming, U.S. A. Upper Eocene ; France and Germany. 



Cheirothricidae. 



Smith Woodward. 

 Abdominal vertebrae with trans- 



Family 14. 



Scopeloids with enormously enlarged pelvic fins. 

 verse processes. Cretaceous. 



Cheirothrix, Pictet and Humbert (Megapus, Schlüter ; Älegistopus, Landois). 

 Branchiostegal rays very large, eight or nine in number. Pectoral fins compara- 

 tively small and delicate, with only one ray considerably elongated ; the enlarged 

 pelvic fins close to the pectorals, with about seventeen rays ; dorsal fin deep, 

 arising immediately behind the head ; anal fin small ; caudal fin forked. C. 

 libanicus, P. and H., from Upper Cretaceous, Mount Lebanon. G. guestphalicus, 

 Schlüter sp., from Westphalia. 



Family 15. Esocidae. Pikes. 



Trunk elongated, with large cydoid scales. Fremaxilla and maxilla entering 

 Upper border of mouth. Fremaxilla, mandible, palatine, and vomer with stout, 

 pointid teeth ; maxilla toothless. Dorsal fin remote. Miocene to Recent. 



Fine specimens referable to the existing genus Esox, Cuv., occur at 

 Oeningen and in other Miocene freshwater formations in Europe. 



Family 16. Oyprinodontidae. Toothed carps. 



Small freshwater fishes with cydoid scales. Fremaxilla excluding maxilla from 

 Upper margin of mouth; no barbels. Margin of 

 jaws and pharyngeal bones with pointed teeth. No 

 anterior vertebrae fused together. No adipose dorsal 

 fin. Tertiary and Recent. 



Of the genera of this family, Frolebias, Sauvage, 

 i.Ma. .uyeri, ig.' ' morineiia-ciay ; ^lUed to Lcbias, Cuv. (Fig. 176), is rcmarkably com- 

 Frankfurt-a.-M. Nat. size. mon in the Oligoccne and Miocene of Europe. 



Family 17. Oyprinidae. Carps. 



Freshwater fishes with cydoid scales. Fremaxilla excluding maxilla from upper 

 margin of mouth ; barbels present or absent. Mouth toothless, but lower pharyngeals 

 falciform and bearing one to three rows of hollow prehensile teeth. Usually only three 

 Iranchiostegal rays. Anterior vertebrae fused together, and air bladder connected 

 with organ of hearing by a chain of ossicles. Upper Tertiary and Recent. 



The Cyprinoids are numerous in the fresh-waters of the Old World and 



