84 PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES 



exist in the blood and are merely extracted from it by 

 those organs. They increase greatly in gout. 



Creatinin, xanthin, hypoxanthin are other nitroge- 

 nous bodies which exist in small quantities in the urine. 



Hippuric acid, in the form of hippurates, has the pe- 

 culiarity of being a body formed by the kidneys and not 

 preexisting in the blood. It is increased by a vegetable 

 diet. 



Of the nonnitrogenous bodies occurring in normal 

 urine, sodium chloride, common table salt, is the most 

 abundant. About 151 grains are eliminated daily. Some 

 mucus derived from the bladder, is a constituent of 

 normal urine. 



Urochrome, said to be formed from hemoglobin, is the 

 coloring matter of the urine. 



Any of the bodies mentioned above, may be increasod 

 or decreased in diseased conditions and others may be 

 present, from disease or injury, which do not exist in 

 normal urine. The examination of the urine in health 

 and disease is, therefore, a routine matter for the doc- 

 tor and one with which the nurse should be familiar. 



Some of the chief abnormal constituents are blood, 

 pus or cells derived from any part of the urinary tract 

 kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra; albumin, wnich 

 coagulates when urine is heated; sugar, in the form of 

 fjrapc sugar most frequently; casts from the tubules of 

 the kidney; free uric acid; stones formed of salts nor- 

 mally found in the urine and many others too numerous 

 to mention. The tests for these substances will be found 

 in works on urinary analysis. 



Urinary Organs. The urinary organs are the kidneys, 

 which extract urine from the blood; the ureters, ducts 

 of the kidneys, one for each, which convey urine to the 

 bladder or reservoir which retains the fluid until its dis- 



