INTRODUCTION 5 



numerous limbs. These differences far greater than those be- 

 tween classes are expressed by placing the backboned animals 

 in the phylum or sub-kingdom Ch&rdata, the many-legged, 

 armoured forms in the phylum Arthropoda. Similarly, soft-bodied 

 animals with shells, such as Oysters and Snails, form the phylum 

 Mollusca, Polypes and Jelly-fishes the phylum Coelenterata. And 

 finally the various phyla recognised by zoologists together con- 

 stitute the kingdom Animalia. 



Thus the animal kingdom is divided into phyla, the phyla into 

 classes, the classes into orders, the orders into families, the families 

 into genera, and the genera into species, while the species themselves 

 are assemblages of individual animals agreeing with one another 

 in certain constant characters. It will be seen that the individual 

 is the only term in the series which has a real existence : all the 

 others are mere groups formed, more or less arbitrarily, by man. 



To return to the animal originally selected as an example, it will 

 be seen that the zoological position of the Domestic Cat is expressed 

 as follows : 



Kingdom AXIMALIA. 

 Phylum CHORD ATA. 

 Class MAMMALIA. 



Order CARNIVORA. 

 Family Felidoc. 

 Genus Felis. 



Species F. domcst-ica. 



The object of systematic zoologists has always been to find a 

 natural as opposed to an artificial classification of animals. 

 Good instances of artificial classification are the grouping of Bats 

 with Birds on the ground that they both possess wings, and of 

 Whales with Fishes on the ground that they both possess fins and 

 live in the water. An equally good example of a natural classi- 

 fication is the grouping of both Bats and Whales under the head of 

 Mammalia because of their agreement, in all essential points of 

 anatomy, histology, and embryology, with the hairy quadrupeds 

 which form the bulk of that class. 



With the older zoologists the difficulty was to find some general 

 principle to guide them in their arrangement of animals some 

 true criterion of classification. It was believed by all but a few 

 advanced thinkers that the individuals of each species of animal 

 were descended from a common ancestor, but that the original 

 progenitor of each species was totally unconnected with that of 

 every other, having, as Buffon puts it, " participated in the grace 

 of a distinct act of creation." To take an instance all Wolves 

 were allowed to be descended from a pair of ancestral Wolves, and 

 all Jackals from a pair of ancestral Jackals, but the original pair in 

 each case was supposed to have come into being by a supernatural 



