28 Mammalia, Bimana. 



The Vertebral Column. The number of vertebrae in each series is 

 generally constant, viz : Cervical^ seven ; Dorsal, twelve; and Lumbar, 

 five. The first and three posterior Ribs have a single aiticular surface 

 on the head ; the rest have it divided into two facets : the tubercular 

 articular surface is wanting in the last two pairs. Occasionally a 

 pair of tubercles on the anterior border of the manubrium indicate 

 rudiments of an episternum. A characteristic distinction of the human 

 Lumbar vertebrae is the backward production of the posterior 

 zygapophyses occasioning the deep posterior emargination of the 

 neural arch. The Sacrum is broad and slightly concave anteriorly, 

 both lengthwise and transversely. The Caudal series is reduced to 

 four or five aborted vertebrae. 



The Scapular arch and app>endages. The Clavicles are always 

 present and complete, though slender in proportion to the length ; 

 and the curves are always fairly marked. The Scapulce are very 

 broad in proportion to their length : the direction of the spine and 

 acromion is distinctly transverse. In the Humerus the condyloid 

 processes are not very largely developed ; the intercondyloid per- 

 foration is occasionally seen. Both Radius and Ulna are slender and 

 short relatively to the humerus. The opposable thumb is restricted 

 to the upper pair of limbs. The terminal portions of the ungual 

 phalanges are long and broad, in order to support the surface specially 

 developed for a refined touch. 



The Pelvic arch and appendages. The Pelvis is short, broad, and 

 wide, keeping the thighs well apart. The sacro-iliac symphysis is 

 subquadrate ; the symphysis pubis is short. In Man alone are the 

 boundaries of the brim or inlet of the pelvis {i.e., the cotylo-sacral 

 tract of the ilium, and the body of the pelvis), on one plane. The 

 Llium is broader than it is long ; concave internally, and concave 

 posteriorly,^' especially in the vertical direction. The whole of its 

 curved border is much developed, especially the anterior inferior 

 spine (for the straight tendon of ' rectus femoris'), the top of the crest, 

 or external labrum, and the large backward projection formed by the 

 posterior angle (for the ' glutasus maximus'),"each testifying to the 

 important share taken by the muscles thence arising in maintaining 

 the erect position. The Pubis is shoi't and thick ; an oblique 

 groove is present beneath the pubic boundary of the obturator 

 foramen. Anchylosis of the Tubes rarely takes place in Man. 



* On account of the thickness cf the * crest.' 



