Special Osteologij. Quadrumana. 29 



The acetabulum has a decided tendency to face out^Yards. In 

 proportion to the trunk the Pelvic Limhs are longer than in any- 

 other animal; they even exceed those of the Kangaroo (Macropus), 

 and are peculiar for tlie superior length of the femur, and for the 

 capability of this bone to be brought, when the leg is extended, into 

 the same line with the tibia. The neck of the Femur (cervix femoris) 

 is long, and forms an open angle with the shaft : as characteristic, 

 note the double obliquity of '^ neck'' and " shaft,'' whereby the 

 femora are brought to converge to the knee joints. The great 

 trochanter does not rise so high as the head of the bone. The linea 

 aspera is bent forward and developed like a buttress. The distal 

 end is considerably expanded, and the two condyles, especially the 

 inner one, much produced backwards. The Tibia is the second longest 

 hont of the skeleton, and is of tolerably equable diameter, though 

 expanded at its proximal end to form the knee joint. The slender 

 lihula articulates with the external aspect of the Tibia below the 

 knee. The outer or Fibular malleolus descends lower and more verti- 

 cally than the inner or tibial malleolus, restraining to a great extent 

 all lateral inflections of the foot upon the leg. The Foot is short in 

 proportion to the leg, and is so articulated that the sole is directed 

 downw'ards. The tarsal and metatarsal bones are co-adjusted so as to 

 form arches, both lengthwise and across, and receive the superincum- 

 bent w^eight from the tibia on the summit of a bony vault, which has 

 the advantage of acei'tain elasticity combined with adequate strength. 

 The Calcaneiim developes posteriorly a considerable tuberositj'. All 

 the five Toes have the same direction, forwards ; they are short, but 

 with the innermost longer, and much larger than the rest, forming 

 a " hallux," or great toe, w^hich is placed on the same line with, 

 and cannot be opposed to the other toes ; on the hallux the whole 

 force of the "flexor longus hallucis" is exclusively concentrated. 



II. QUADRUMANA. 



The Skull. The form of the cranium has no approximation to 

 the oval type of Bimana. The facial area is unusually large 

 relatively to the cranial (cf. i.) ; and there is but slight, if any, 

 expansion of the cranium backwards or downwards. The Foramen 

 Magnum rarely assumes anything approaching co a horizontal 

 position, and is always placed towards the posterior part of the base 

 of the skull. The Mastoids are generally represented only by small 

 tubercles. The Paroccipital process is rudimentary. The Inter- 



