Special Osteology. Quadrumana. 31 



3. Lemuridcc (or Strep sirrhma). In most LemiiridaD the cranial sxitures are 

 *' harmoniae*"; and the facial part of the skull is produced. The orbits are large 

 and expanded ; orbital and temporal fossce communicate freely ; the lachrymal 

 foramen is on the face. The coronoid process of the mandible is well developed. 

 In Cheiromys the ' symphysis ' menti is ligamentous. The anterior Cornua of 

 the hyoid are generally longer than the posterior, and inchide cerato- and epi- 

 hyals, supporting a cartilaginous stjdo-hyal. The glenoid cavity is generally 

 defended by a posterior ridge (exc. in Cheiromys, in which the absence of this 

 ridge admits of the free movement of the mandible backwards and forwards 

 requisite for the Rodent action of the great scalpriform incisors). The lateral 

 cerebral venous sinuses have a division in the base of the petrosal. 



The Vertebral Column. All have seven cervical vertebrae ; and 

 the majority have 19 vertebrae in the dorso-lumbar series : through- 

 out which interlocking joints are commonly found, except in the 

 highest Apes. In all, except in these same " anthropo-morphous'* 

 Apes the sternal bones are slender. 



Catarrhina. In Anthropomorphous Apes, the pleurapophysial part of the 

 vertebrae in the cervical region projects distinctly below the diapophysial part, 

 without however acquiring that antero-posterior breadth which gives it the 

 lamellifoi-m character in the inferior Apes ; the sternum consists of the manu- 

 brium and generally of two or more broad and flat bones, coalesced to form 

 the 'body;' the vertebrae never have interlocking joints -. the sacrum is some- 

 times broad and slightly concave : lastly, the caudal yextehrdd are frequently 

 reduced to five, anchylosed and aborted, but longer and narrower than in Bimana. 



In most of the other Catarrhina, the centrum of the axis is much produced 

 backwards, underlapping that of the third vertebra. The posterior dorsuls and 

 anterior lumbar veitebrae frequently have the anapophyses developed as separate 

 processes, and the metapophyses provided with a facet for the accessory articular 

 surface of the posterior zygapophysis of the preceding vertebra : being thus 

 provided with an additional interlocking apparatus. 



All Platyrrhina have a long tail, which is in most prehensile, and composed 

 of about thirty vertebrae (ex. Callithrix, 18.) The inter-cervical articulations 

 frequently tend to the ball-and-socket type. In Hapale ( M armoset ) the centrum 

 of the vertebra succeeding the Atlas is produced posteriorly into a convex pro- 

 minence which fits into a concavity on the forepart of the centrum behind. In 

 Ateles (Spider Monkey) the third to the sixth cervical vertebrae inclusive 

 show an anterior concavity and a posterior convexity on the articular ends of 

 the centrums in the transverse direction, an anterior convexity and jDosterior 

 concavity in the vertical direction, producing an interlocking joint, combining 

 strength with freedom of motion, and analogous to that in the neck of Birds. 



Of bastard or false (notha) sutures (?. e. sutures formed by rough surfaces), 

 those that are formed by the apposition of contiguous surfaces are termed 

 'suturae nothse appositae,' or in one word harmonice. 



