Mammalia. Artiodactyla, 45 



the angle of the Mandible is singularly elevated : and the palate extends as far 

 back as in the horse]. In Solidi-cornua the Horn cores are osseous, their bases 

 sometimes resting equally upon the parietals and frontals : the Lachrymal is 

 separated from the nasal by a large vacuity which intervenes between them, 

 the frontal, and the maxillary, [In Giraffa the articular surface of the prominent 

 occipital Condyles is so extended vertically as to admit of the head being raised 

 in a line with the neck : the Exoccipitals are largely developed for the ligamen- 

 tum nuchge. In Cervidce the Lachrymal is provided with a deep pit and groove 

 for the reception of the sebaceous sacs]. In the Cavi-cornua the Bovidue fre- 

 quently have Persistent Sutures between the exoccipitals, and between these and 

 the Superoccipital : the Occipital Condyles are wide apart : the Paroccipital 

 descends much below the Mastoid : the Malar generally extends largely upon 

 the face : the Nasals are frequently cleft anteriorly : the Frontals form the chief 

 part of, and alone develope the Horn cores (exc. in Antelopes) : a Lachrymal 

 pit is commonly found. 



The Vertebral Column. The Borso-lumlar series generally num- 

 bers nineteen, except in Antilopidae and Ovida?. 



Cmnivora. The Pleurapophysial parts of the transverse processes of the 

 posterior Cervicals generally develope hatchet- shaped plates or lamellae, which 

 progressively increase in size posteriorly, and overlap each other. 



Ruminantia. The Cervical vertebra) have opisthocselian ball and socket joints : 

 the seventh cervical always has the transverse process imperforate : the anterior 

 Dorsals have long spines for the attachment of the ligamentum nuchas : the dia- 

 pophyses of the last lumbar vertebra do not articidat with the sacrum. The 

 Camelidce have a remarkably long and flexible cervical region ; but the typical 

 number of vertebrae remains : the transverse processes of their cervical vertebrae 

 are never perforated for the vertebral artery* : their last sternal bone is greatly 

 expanded and protuberant below to support the pectoral callosity. The Giraffe 

 has the longest cervical vertebrae of all mammals. 



The Scapular Arch and Appendages. Clavicles are wanting. The 

 spine of the Scapula is commonly produced into an acromial angle. 

 In the Carpus the os magnum does not exceed, and may be less than the 

 unciform. The Limbs are terminated by Feet with four or two toes, 

 the digit answering to the iii. in the penta-dactyle foot is unsym- 

 metrical, and forms with that answering to the iv., a symmetrical 

 pair. 



Omnivora. The Scapula is short as compared with that of Ruminantia, and 

 the acromion is sometimes deficient, e.ff. in Sus scrofa. The Radius and Ulna are 

 generally coalesced, e.g. in Hippopotamus ; sometimes distinct, though in close 

 proximity, e.ff. in Sus. 



Ruminantia. In the true Ruminantia the spine of the Scapula is not produced, 

 but terminates in an acute (Bos), or a right angle (Cervus) : in Camelidee, on the 

 contrary, it is produced. The Metacarpals coalesce early into a single bone, but 



* The vertebral artery iu the CameUdae transverses the neurapophyses. 



