178 MIMICRY IN N. AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES 



Cosmodesmus, of which podalirius serves as an 

 example. The distinction between these three 

 sections of Papilionidae extends to larval and 

 pupal stages, as was originally discovered by 

 Horsfield. It was made the basis of Haase's 

 classification, 1 recently confirmed and amplified 

 by Rothschild and Jordan. 2 The latter authori- 

 ties propose the names ' Aristolochia Swallow- 

 tails ', ' Fluted Swallow-tails ', and ' Kite Swallow- 

 tails ', respectively for Haase's sections PJiarma- 

 cophagus, Papilio, and Cosmodesmus. 



The Pharmacophagus swallow-tails are not so 

 well known as models for Mimicry as are the 

 Danainae, Acraeinae, &c., and it is therefore ex- 

 pedient to say a few words about the section 

 before considering the effect produced by one 

 of its members in North America. 



In tropical America not only are the species of 

 Pharmacophagus extensively mimicked but Mimicry 

 is also strongly developed within the limits of the 

 section itself, viz. between the two dominant 

 groups Aeneas and Lysander. In these groups 

 the males are commonly very different in appear- 

 ance from the females and frequent more open 

 habitats such as the banks of rivers, &c., the 

 females being found in the forest. In the internal 

 Mimicry between Aeneas and Lysander the males 

 resemble the males, the females the females, but 

 the female patterns are alone extensively mimicked 



1 Researches on Mimicry, Pt. ii, Stuttgart, 1896, English trans- 

 lation. 

 8 Not. Zool., xiii (1906), 411-752. 



