THE 'POISON-EATING' MODELS 179 



by other groups Papilio, Cosmodesmus and certain 

 Pierinae. I have as yet only come across a single 

 example (a Cosmodesmus) in which the pattern and 

 green markings of the males are mimicked. One 

 or two species (e. g. Ph. liahneli) of Pharmacophagus 

 are themselves mimics of dominant Ithomiine 

 genera. 



It has already been pointed out on p. 137 that 

 in the Papilio mimics of Pliarmacopliagus the re- 

 semblance is often attained by the females alone, 

 a tendency exemplified in North America as shown 

 on pp. 181-4. In Cosmodesmus, on the other hand, 

 where the Mimicry of these models reaches a far 

 higher level of perfection, it is equally pronounced 

 in both sexes. In Africa, on the other hand, 

 where, in default of Pharmacophagus models, the 

 swallow-tails of both groups frequently mimic 

 Danainae and Acraeinae, the resemblances attained 

 by Cosmodesmus are far less striking than those of 

 the other section ; yet the relationship of Mimicry 

 to sex remains unchanged. 



In the Oriental Region the female Mimicry 

 of Pharmacophagus is still characteristic of Papilio, 

 also appearing in certain Cosmodesmus mimics of 

 Danainae. Two remarkable features appear in 

 this Region : (1) the development within Pharma- 

 cophagus of the gigantic Ornithopteras which do 

 not appear to be mimicked at all ; (2) the appear- 

 ance within the section Papilio of groups which 

 are mimicked as extensively, perhaps even more 



extensively, than Pluirmacopliagus itself. Among 



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