KEPBODUCTION IK PLANTS AND ANIMALS 279 



The seed coats are burst ; the root tip emerges and grows into 



the earth and develops additional roots. The way in which 

 the young stem and leaves (fig. 131) 

 emerge from the seed coats is ex- 

 tremely variable. In the seed of the 

 bean there is an elongation of the 

 stem of the young plant. This elon- 

 gated stem bends in such a way as 

 to pull the leaves out of the seed 

 coats. In other cases, as in the sun- 

 ilower, the leaves grow upright and 

 push the seed coat into the air, 

 dropping this seed coat only after 

 the leaves have become well sepa- 

 rated from one another. When the 

 young plant has become well estab- 

 lished in the soil, it may continue 

 its growth and eventually produce 

 flowers and seeds which continue the 

 round of reproduction. 

 308. Vegetative reproduction. Many plants and animals are 



able to have individuals arise directly from the old individual 



without the produc- 

 tion of a fertilized 



egg (fig. 132). It is 



possible to cut a twig 



from a willow or cot- 



tonwood tree, place 



it in the ground, and 



have it grow into a 



new tree. One may 



also take cuttings or 

 v e FIG. 132. Vegetative propagation in the 



Slips from geramums, raspberry 



coleuses, and begonias, 



The ends of the shoots strike root m the earth 



and plant them SO that and grow new plants 



FIG. 131. A peanut seedling 



