1921-22 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND FORESTS 109 



ships of Durban and Jasper to the north boundary of the Mississaga Forest 

 Reserve run in 1908 by O.L.S. Patten. 



A wooden post not less than six inches square and of the most durable wood 

 obtainable was planted at the end of each mile, or where such point came in a 

 lake the post was planted on the nearest shore and the chainage carved thereon. 

 The posts were all set firmly in the ground and around many of them were built 

 cairns of stones. On the side of the post facing the initial point of the line, the 

 number of the mile was marked by carving deeply in the wood with a sharp knife, 

 as 1 M., 2 M., etc. At the township corners and at the three-mile point on the 

 township boundaries an iron post of the standard pattern was planted flush 

 with the surface of the ground, and at each of these the required pits and mounds 

 were made, or in the case of a witness post a circular trench and mound were 

 made. Where an iron post was planted a wooden post was also planted a foot 

 from the iron post, but in all cases the iron post was set at the true point. 



Two bearing trees were marked wherever they were available by blazing 

 the tree and carving thereon the letters "B.T." The distance and astronomic 

 bearing from the post to the face of the blaze was noted and shown in our field 

 notes. 



The lines were well opened out and the trees adjacent to the lines and on 

 each side thereof were blazed on three sides in the usual manner. 



All lakes across which we could not chain in the usual manner were tri- 

 angulated and the angles of such triangles were invariably read twice or more 

 to insure accuracy and the bases of such triangles measured with great care. 



On the north boundary of Township 11, between four and a half and five 

 and a half miles, we encountered considerable difficulty and the morals of our 

 party suffered much, when we ran into about a mile of drowned land so densely 

 wooded with standing and fallen timber that it was impossible to bring a canoe 

 in, yet the water was from four to eight feet deep. We finally succeeded in 

 getting it cut through and chained with the loss of some time. 



The measuring was all done with tapes two chains in length, which were 

 carefully tested with a standard of measure before we commenced operations. 

 On sloping ground the clinometer was used to measure the vertical angle and the 

 horizontal distance derived therefrom. 



Frequent astronomical observations were taken on Polaris, records of most 

 of which are attached to our field notes. North and south lines were run as 

 true astronomical meridians. East and west lines were run as chords of latitude 

 passing through the township angles. The magnetic readings were taken fre- 

 quently and found to be nearly constant at seven degrees west of north. 



Soil. 



No agricultural land was met with in the whole country traversed by the 

 survey. The soil is composed of sand, generally underlaid with gravel and 

 strewn with boulders. Many rock outcrops occur. 



Physical Features. 



The country for the most part is hilly and dotted with innumerable small 

 and large lakes, most of which contain very clear water, particularly so in the 

 south part of the survey. The principal lakes are Ramsay, Biscotasing and 

 Indian Lakes. Ramsay Lake extends through the Townships of Joffre, Number 

 11, and Kelso, and extends into the northeast angle of Ivy, the northwest angle 

 of Earl and the southwest angle of McPhail. The water of this lake has been 



