THE ANATOMY OF THE OX. 37 



from that of the horse by the absence of the lesser trochanter. 

 The trochanter internus is a round tubercle situated near the 

 posterior surface. In no ruminant is there a third trochanter. 

 The head of the bone is small but prominent, the trochanteric 

 fossa deep but small. The trochanter major has only one emi- 

 nence, which is not very prominent, and is united to the internal 

 trochanter by a ridge. The condyles and trochlea are somewhat 

 small, and the supracondyloid fossa is shallow. 



The tibia has no vertical fossa on the anterior tuberosity, and 

 no articular facet for the fibula. The distal extremity has its 

 external malleolus represented by a separate bone called the 

 malleolar ho?ie. This articulates with the tibia, calcaneum, and 

 astragalus, and it also represents the distal end of the fibula, 

 the remainder of which bone is usually replaced by a long liga- 

 ment which stretches along the whole length of the tibia. As a 

 rule, in ruminants the fibula is aborted, but this is not the case 

 in tragulidae. The patella is small, and somewhat conical in 

 shape. 



The tarsus consists of five bones. The astragalus is deep 

 but narrow, and has a pulley-shaped surface inferiorly as well as 

 superiorly. The calcaneum is long and square. The great cunei- 

 form (cuneiforme magnum) and the cuboid are united to form 

 the cubo-cuneiform bone. The cuboid and scaphoid bones are 

 never found in ruminants. The cuneiforme medium is like that 

 of the horse, while the cuneiforme parvum is very small. The 

 large metatarsal bone has its inferior extremity divided into two 

 equal parts by a deep fissure, and it has a groove superiorly. 

 The small metatarsal bones, when present, are rudimentary and 

 single. 



The Shoulder and Fore-arm. — The scapula is large and 

 very triangular. The spine, which as a rule in ruminants is 

 short, divides the scapula into two fossae, which, as regards their 

 extent, stand to each other in the ratio of about one to three. 

 The spine does not gradually end in the neck as that of the horse 

 does, but in the abrupt angle prolonged to a point to which the 

 name acromion process has been given. The neck is more 

 distinct, and the coracoid process and glenoid cavity are both 

 small, and situated close together. 



The bicipital groove of the humerus is single, the external 

 trochanter is very large, and its summit is curved over the 



