38 THE DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE OX. 



bicipital groove. The head is large, the tuberosities on the 

 contrary being small, while the bone itself is less markedly 

 twisted than is that of the horse. 



The fore-arm is short in the ox, sheep, and pig, although that 

 of the carnivora is very long. In the case of solipeds, ruminants, 

 and in pachyderms, in the general way the radius and ulna are 

 so firmly united by means of an interosseous ligament that these 

 two bones can only execute slight movements in relation to each 

 other. The radius and ulna are, in fact, fused ; but they are 

 separate in tragulus. 



In ruminants the ulna is an elongated bone, being longer and 

 larger than is the ulna of the horse. It extends as far as the 

 distal end of the radius, and it articulates with the cuneiform 

 bone. The radius, on the other hand, is short, very flat from 

 before to behind, and the bicipital tuberosity is scarcely notice- 

 able. There are two radio-ulnar arches, and they are united 

 externally by a deep fissure. 



In the ox and sheep the carpus is only composed of six 

 bones in all, four in the upper row, and only two in the lower 

 row, in which the os magnum and the trapezoides are united. 

 The four bones of the upper row are the scaphoid and the 

 lunar, which articulate with the radius, the cuneiform, which 

 articulates with the radius and the ulna, and the trapezium, 

 which is small, tuberous in shape, and does not articulate with 

 the radius. The two bones of the lower row are the os magnum 

 and the cuneiform, which articulate with the large metacarpal 

 bone, the trapezoid being fused with the os magnum, or absent, 

 according to some observers, and the pisiform bone being wanting. 

 The supercarpal bone has no groove for gliding, and the pyrami- 

 dalis articulates with the radius and cubitus. The bones of the 

 lower row only articulate with the principal metacarpal bone. Pro- 

 fessor Gobaux, in 1865, exhibited specimens to prove that the 

 interval of the two bones of the lower row in the carpus of rumi- 

 nants really represents two bones, so that these animals actually 

 have seven carpal bones, like the horse has. Ruminants have 

 two metacarpal bones, a chief one, which itself results from the 

 consolidation of the second and third metacarpals, and another 

 one which is quite rudimentary. In reality the cannon bone 

 is composed of two bones united. The metacarpals are as a rule 

 fused. The ox has the second and fifth phalanges only rudi- 



