46 THE DISEASES AND DISOEDERS OF THE OX. 



deliver those sweeping circular blows with the foot, known by the 

 name of " cow kicks." There is more motion in the tarsus of 

 ruminants, owing to the greater mobility of the astragalus, 

 which glides upon the calcaneum, the cubo-cuneiform bone, the 

 tibia, and the malleolar bone. In the elephant there is no round 

 ligament, and the femur, instead of being when at rest inclined 

 downwards and forwards, is almost perpendicular. This accounts 

 for the peculiar contour of the haunch in that animal. 



In ruminants, the panniculus carnosus in the cervical region 

 is for the most part aponeurotic, and there is a muscle resem- 

 bling that one which is known as the sterno-maxillaris of the 

 horse, which is sometimes looked upon as its inferior fleshy 

 portion. In the head, the panniculus carnosus resembles that 

 of the horse, but there is an expansion of it in the frontal 

 region which is called the frontalis muscle. 



In the head, the palatine ridges being closer together than is 

 the case in the horse, the pterygoid muscles originate nearer to 

 the middle line of the head, and thus the contraction of them 

 produces more lateral motion in the lower jaw than there is in 

 that of the horse. There is no digastric muscle in the domesti- 

 cated animals other than the horse. The muscle which repre- 

 sents it has only one belly, and in the ox this muscle is 

 joined to its fellow on the opposite side by a small, square, 

 transverse muscle. The masseter and temporalis muscles are 

 both less strong. The frontalis muscle, above spoken of, passes 

 from the root of the horn-core to the upper edge of the orbital 

 fossa. It is a flat, thin muscle, and it blends with the external 

 levator of the eyelid. The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 

 is not present in the smaller ruminants, and in the ox it differs 

 from that of the horse in that the anterior division, instead of 

 the posterior one, covers the dilatator naris lateralis, and also that 

 it covers the nasalis longus as well. Two accessory muscles 

 arise in common with this nasalis longus, and they are inserted 

 in the upper lip. The dilators of the nostril, except the lateralis, 

 are wanting. The zygomaticus has a long tendinous origin, 

 which reaches up to the zygoma. The long tendon of insertion 

 of the depressor labii inferioris is not present. The hyoideus 

 magnus has a long tendinous origin, and it forms no sheath, 

 there being no mesian digastric tendon. The lachrymalis is 

 closely blended above with the anterior border of the orbicularis 



