54 THE DISEASES AND DISORDEES OF TBE OX. 



secretioD. The lips of the smaller ruminants are thin and very 

 mobile and prehensile. The upper lip is divided in front by a 

 median fissure. 



The cheeks of ruminants are provided, on their inner 

 surface between the angle of the lip and the first molar 

 tooth with numerous large long conical papillae which point 

 backwards. The roof also of the mouth is covered with 

 rough and strongly reverted papillae. Posteriorly a row 

 of these papillae runs along the level of the upper molars. 

 Small round papillae are also present. The hard palate is 

 large, its posterior third being smooth. The anterior two- 

 thirds are covered with straight transverse bars, which are 

 denticulated, the free edges of the bars projecting backwards. 



The ox is provided with a hardened pad, which takes the 

 place of the upper incisors. Behind this pad of cartilage by 

 which the upper incisors are replaced, there is, in the middle 

 line, a mark, which resembles the letter T, with the normal 

 directed backwards, and at each extremity of the transverse line 

 is the oral opening of Jacobson's canal. The soft palate is 

 not so large and pendulous as that of the horse. The isthmus 

 faucium is always open, thus permitting the animal to breathe 

 through the mouth, and allowing the upward passage of food. 

 The tonsils probably are represented in ruminants. The tongue 

 of the ox is much modified and raised up. Its muscles are well 

 developed ; it is prehensile, and it has great latitude of 

 movement. Moreover, it is much rougher, shorter and thicker 

 than is the tongue of the horse, and ii is pointed at the tip. 

 Again, the papillae are better developed, and the filiform 

 papillae are very large and numeroas near the apex. The 

 papillae circumvallatae are arranged/ in two rows, one on each 

 side of the base, and there are t^out ten* of them on either 

 side. Between the lower border'^f the tongue and the sides of 

 the lower dental arch there is f^ row of conical papillae, similar 

 to those on the cheek. The] tpngue of the smaller ruminants is 

 very delicate. The parotid ^gland is small and red, the duct 

 follows a similar course to , th at of the horse, but enters the 

 mouth much more posteriorly. In small ruminants it crosses 

 the masseter muscle externally. The submaxillary gland is 

 very large and of a yellow colour. The duct of Wharton opens 

 close to the incisors, the papillae surrounding the openings being 



