THE ANATOMY OF THE OX. 56 



lodged in an elliptical fossa. The sublingual gland is divided 

 into two parts, the posterior of which opens by a single duct 

 (the duct of Bartholini) close behind the opening of Wharton's 

 duct, and the anterior by a row of ducts as in the case of the 

 horse. 



With the exception of the camel and the llama, which are not 

 as a rule domesticted in Europe, the ruminant is possessed of 

 neither incisor nor canine teeth in the upper jaw. The former 

 are, as was said above, replaced by a thick cartilaginous pad which 

 is covered by the mucous membrane of the hard palate. In 

 the lower jaw there are six incisor teeth and two canines, the 

 latter closely resembling the incisors in shape and being situated 

 immediately behind and outside them. Some speak of the in- 

 cisors as eight in number, i.e. they look upon the canines as 

 incisors. These teeth are chisel-shaped, rather like the human 

 incisors, but they have a curved contour, being convex in front 

 and concave behind. The whole of the crown is covered with 

 enamel, the neck is small and constricted, and the teeth are 

 arranged in the jaw in an almost horizontal position, forming a 

 radiating or fan- like series. They are not firmly fixed in the 

 alveoli, but have a certain degree of mobility, thus preventing 

 injury to the cartilaginous pad above. The molars have com- 

 pound tables like those of the horse, but the teeth are much 

 smaller and cuboid in shape. 



The dental formula of most ruminants is :— 



Upper jaw ) . . . i 3 ,3 „« 



Lower jaw \ "^^isors — , canines _^, premolars , molars _—, = 32. 



That of a camel is : — 



Upper jaw ) • . 1 . 1 i 3 ,3 ^. 



Lower jaw | ^^^^^^ors _^, camnes — , premolars -^, molars _, = 34. 



The pharynx is large, but the muscles composing it are not 

 very distinctly separable. The oesophagus is well developed, 

 and its muscular walls are red throughout. It expands at its 

 junction -with the stomach, so that its termination is funnel- 

 shaped. The muscular fibres are capable of peristaltic and of 

 an ti -peristaltic contraction, and so induce both a downward 

 and an upward motion of the contents of the tube. 



The muscular wall of the oesophagus is strong, and inasmuch 

 as, preparatory to the re-mastication of the food, the bolus is 



