I 



THE ANATOMY OF THE OX. 69 



divided; but in ruminants this is by no means so markedly the 

 case. In this connection it may be suggested that in car- 

 nivorous animals the liver has a great deal more work to do 

 than it has in those which are herbivorous, and also that the 

 ingestion of too large an amount of meat has a bad effect upon 

 human beings, partly on account of the extra work which is 

 thereby thrown upon the liver. With regard to the gall-bladder, 

 it is to be remarked that the camel, the giraffe, the cervidae, in 

 common with the perissodactyle ungulata, have none, whereas all 

 the cavicornia, together with the musk deer and tragulus, possess 

 one. 



Pancreas. — In all birds the pancreas is contained in a loop 

 of the duodenum. The pancreas of a mammal is firm and lies 

 transversely in the abdomen. Moreover, in birds the pancreas 

 is redder than in mammals, and it is much less divided. In the 

 ox the pancreatic duct enters the duodenum separately. 



Spleen. — The spleen has the serous coat less firmly attached 

 than is usual in mammals. It is uniform in thickness through- 

 out its extent, save for its two rounded extremities. This organ 

 adheres to the left side of the paunch and the diaphragm ; but it 

 is not supported by the great omentum. 



The Lymphatics. — In the large ruminants the thoracic duct 

 is very complex, very variable, and sometimes double throughout 

 its extent. Some complexity is generally to be found near its 

 anterior termination, ft is more deeply seated than is the cor- 

 responding structure in the horse ; and it lies between the right 

 upper part of the aorta and the vertebral column, buried in fat. 

 It passes through the diaphragm by itself, and not through the 

 aortic aperture. 



In the thorax the lymphatic trunk bifurcates, and the two 

 trunks perforate the diaphragm. In the case of the ox it forms a 

 large plexus. No movements, such as those of the lymph- 

 hearts of frogs, are manifested ; but there is contractile power at 

 certain parts. The mesenteric glands are very numerous. 



THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 



The nostrils of the ox are narrow, and, as compared with those 



of the horse, they are only capable of a slight degree of dilatation. 



There is an additional third turbinal bone. The frontal sinuses 



in the ox are continuous with the cavities in the horn cores, 



