142 THE DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE OX. 



each of the two parts may, in the due course of time, develop 

 into a perfectly-formed adult. With regard to the process of 

 budding or gemmation above referred to, it may take place in 

 any part of a lowly-developed organism ; but, as we advance 

 gradually up the scale of life, we find that it is only certain 

 parts which can take on themselves this function of reproduc- 

 tion. Nevertheless, indications of the primary condition are 

 manifested by such facts as that an arthropod can throw off a 

 leg at the joint above a lacerated segment, and then bad out a 

 new limb from the centre of the stump. Similarly also the newt, 

 it is said, can replace an eye. It seems also very possible that 

 the granulations which tend to occur on cut surfaces, the papil- 

 lomata and other growths which make their appearance on 

 irritated patches of the skin or mucous membranes, the villi of 

 the chorion and their abnormal developments, are in reality ex- 

 pressions of a power or property of cells similar to that of fission 

 and gemmation as displayed by the lowest organisms. 



Moreover, growth and multiplication are enhanced by stimu- 

 lating, or giving an extra supply of food to, the lower living 

 things. Further, the same fact shows itself in the case of 

 endothelium when made to germinate by means of stimula- 

 tion and also, according to Kremansky, in that of the cells 

 which are contained in the capsules of cartilage subjected to 

 ■cauterisation. 



Again, Strieker holds that every living cell of any higher 

 animal may divide, and similarly Dr. Beale maintains that pus- 

 oells may develop from bioplasm of any part of the body if too 

 freely supplied with pabulum. When such processes as these 

 we are speaking of manifest themselves on a large scale in 

 higher animals, we speak of them as inflammatory ; but, as a 

 matter of fact, they are comparable in their essential characters 

 with those which may from time to time occur among indi- 

 vidual lower organisms. Certain of the processes, called inflam- 

 matory, even though they occur in the avascular structures of 

 higher animals, are in reality the result of greater nutritive 

 activity, and are repreeented among living things by the rapid 

 growth we have spoken of above. In support of this state- 

 ment, it may be mentioned that the cells which result from 

 inflammation are certainly fitted for but little more than the 

 preservatioin of their own independent vitality, thereby affording 



