156 THE DISEASES A^^D DISORDERS OF THE OX. 



are evoked, since, in fighting, anger and rage and redoubled 

 energy are displayed, and oftentimes pain is inflicted. Now, the 

 question of pain in its relation to disease on the one hand, and 

 to the injuries received in fighting, on the other, is one of much 

 importance. 



Speaking genertilly, and bearing in mind that there cannot 

 fail to be very important exceptions, which, however, are 

 for the greater part merely apparent and not real ones, pain 

 may be said to be one of the most valuable aids, or rather 

 incitements, to self-preservation wherewith animals are endowed. 

 The more we consider this point, the more clearly shall we see that 

 the tendency of measures which are, in the general way, natu- 

 rally taken to relieve pain, must be usually such as are more 

 or less directly and more or less markedly productive of ad- 

 vantage to the animal which manifests them. Now pain may 

 be said to consist of disagreeable and irritating sensations, and 

 in response to them an animal may, and often does, put out its 

 best endeavours to remove itself with all speed from the par- 

 ticular source of injury, or danger, which may be the cause of 

 the pain. Or, again, its movements may be determined with 

 the view of satisfying the pangs of hunger or those of thirst, or 

 of supplying some other want or wants which entail suffering. 

 As a matter of fact pain is, among animals, very generally asso- 

 ciated with the excitement and furious rage aroused in fighting 

 with competitors or combatants — that is, in direct struggles for 

 self-preservation. This, of course, is the simplest source of 

 pain, and it is naturally most clearly illustrative of the point we 

 are laying stress upon. Among animals which are at any time 

 liable to be called upon to exert their best efforts in fighting, 

 the excitement aroused by pain resulting from bodily injury 

 is especially of incalculable benefit, in so far as it leads to 

 the redoubling of physical efibrt, exerted with the purpose of 

 overcoming an antagonist. 



In an animal suffering pain the associates of work are 

 exhibited. The heart's action is increased, as also is that of 

 those muscles which in fighting would be more or less directly 

 concerned. Even the muscles of the ears, eyes, and lips, may 

 be in some degree brought into action. Likewise when an 

 animal is undergoing pain, there are exhibited more or less 

 intense excitement, perspiration, and perhaps screaming. How- 



