ORIGIN OF DISEASE AND THE GERM THEORY. 161 



give advantage to an opponent — would necessarily come to be 

 correlated with the associated factors of work. 



Now it is clear that the pain, still continuing after the 

 receipt of an injury, would be of further value, perhaps, only 

 in so far as it would dictate rest of the parts injured, while, 

 on the contrary, at the same time, in very many cases it 

 would undoubtedly be productive of harm by reason of the 

 general disturbance and unrest still kept up, although pro- 

 bably it might no longer be necessary for purposes of protec- 

 tion from the foe. Hence we find that a dog or a deer, for 

 instance, which has met with a fracture of the leg, or any 

 other similar injury, seeks quietude and dark seclusion. At 

 each movement of the fragments pain ensues, and consequently 

 the poor creature tries to avoid suffering by calm and repose. 

 The resting of the leg, the general motionlessness of the body 

 as a whole, the fasting, the absence of disturbing influences, the 

 darkness, all these factors lead to a diminution of the con- 

 stitutional excitement. Similarly, it is almost invariably the 

 case among oxen, that when one member of a herd is taken ill, 

 the first, or one of the first signs of disorder is that that par- 

 ticular animal departs from the rest of the herd in order to bear 

 its sufferings in solitary seclusion. 



We cannot finally dismiss the most important topic of pain 

 without recording some of those wondrous triumphs over pain 

 which have been acquired by various races of men. The Man- 

 dans, otherwise called the See-p6hs-ka-numah-ka-kee — that is, 

 the People of the Pheasants, when visited in 1834 by Mr. Catlin, 

 the great American traveller, in his journeys through the North 

 American forests, were a small tribe of 2,000 souls, living in two 

 villages on the great river Missouri, 1,800 miles above its junc- 

 tion with the Mississippi. These hardy warriors could endure 

 with invincible apathy and fortitude all the forms of torture which 

 the ingenuity of their enemies could devise. This apparent 

 insensibility to pain and fear is not, however, to be attributed 

 to more callous frames or nerves of obtuser feeling, but to the 

 astonishing results of their institutions and the influence of their 

 public opinion. Place a suflBcient motive, indeed, before a 

 human being, and the proper witnesses around him, and he may 

 be disciplined to endure anything without showing a subdued spirit. 

 The Mandans lived in earth-covered lodges, and their villages 



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