DISEASES OF THE OX AND SHEEP. 



409 



hissing, or crepitant sounds, it is probable that inflammatory or 

 dropsical fluid is in the bronchial tubes or the pulmonary 

 vesicles. If there be rubbing sounds, there is probably inflam- 

 mation in, without exudation between, the opposite pleuree, and, 

 mutatis mutandis, the same rules hold in regard to the opposite 

 layers of the pericardium. In cases of pleurisy and pleuro- 

 pneumonia, if the intercostal spaces are pressed, flinching and 

 other signs of pain are manifested. 



CATAKRH. 

 Catarrh, or cold, or flux from the nostrils, is by many 

 persons often looked upon as merely a cold ; but it should, never- 



FlGUEE 46. 



Method of steaming the Nostrils in a case of simple Catarrh. 



theless, be very carefully looked after. It is due to congestion 

 or to inflammation of the Schneiderian membrane, i.e. the 

 lining membrane of the nose, that of the nasal sinuses, and of 

 the pharynx and larynx being also in a certain measure involved. 

 The disorder is most frequent in spring, when east winds prevail, 

 and when animals are often exposed to extremes of wet and cold, 

 after having been kept under shelter. It may arise from damp- 

 ness or draughts, and is especially liable to attack oxen 

 which are debilitated by reason of previous disease. It is usually 

 ushered in by rigors, by passage of mucus from the nostrils, 



