DISEASES OE THE OX AND SHKEP. 415 



in which it may be felt in the animals under their charge. It will 

 be remembered that the pulse in the horse beats thirty-six times 

 to the minute, and his respirations are nine to twelve during the 

 same time. The horse breathes less rapidly than the ox, but 

 the lungs of the horse are relatively more capacious ; the pulse 

 is likewise less rapid in the horse than in the ox. It has indeed 

 been shown that the pulse and respirations bear a definite relation 

 to each other in health, whereas in disease the relationship may 

 become much altered. The temperature in the horse is on the 

 average 100°*5 ; whereas in the ox it is higher, varying from 

 101°*5 to 102°*5, in health. The highest temperature we have 

 ever seen in the horse was 109°; and this was in a case of 

 acute tuberculosis (consumption), so very rarely seen in this 

 animal. In man, although the pulse (seventy-two on the 

 average) and the number of respirations (eighteen on the average) 

 are more rapid than in the ox and horse, yet the temperature 

 is lower (98°*4) in the human race. 



In order to take the pulse of an ox, one should pass the arm 

 round the animal's head, and lay the fingers on the lower portion 

 of the lower jaw, at about its middle point, and then, if one feels 

 carefully, the little artery will be found, and its beating will be 

 distinctly felt. The pulse may be taken on the same spot in 

 one's self, though in this situation it is not so distinct as at the 

 wrist. It is best to approach the near side of the cow, and to 

 place the right arm over the neck, while the left hand holds one 

 of the horns. 



In inflammation of the lungs, the number of respirations are 

 increased, and may reach as high as 40 to 70 per minute ; while 

 the pulse, which is full and bounding, may reach 70 to 100 

 beats. ^ 



The temperature is raised several degrees, and febrile symp- 

 toms become very marked. The skin is dry, parched, and hot, 

 and thirst is marked. As a rule the poor animal sinks to the 

 ground, in this respect differing from the horse, which, as a rule, 

 in all pulmonary affections remains standing. In milch-cows 

 the secretion of milk is stopped at the outset of the disease. If 

 one listens with the ear applied to the side of the chest, one 

 will find that the usual breathing murmur, heard so distinctly 

 in health, has vanished, and is replaced by harsh, loud breathing, 

 somewhat resembling that heard when the ear is applied over 



