470 THE DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE OX. 



as a general rule that the larvae of those tapeworms which have 

 thin-walled eggs are usually developed in insects, while those 

 which have thick-shelled eggs usually pass their larval stages in 

 flesh, the reason being that the somewhat weak secretions of 

 insects are only capable of dissolving a thin covering, while, on 

 the other hand, the stronger secretions of the higher animals can 

 cope with a stronger covering. 



No epizooty or fatal results due to this parasite have been 

 beard of as affecting cattle. Among lambs, on the other hand, 

 this tapeworm sometimes brings about a great many deaths. 

 The lambs lose their appetite, and waste — suffer from diarrhoea, 

 and die. After death the tapeworms are found, sometimes in 

 rather large numbers, especially in the large intestine. In regard 

 to treatment, equal parts may be taken of tincture of asafoetida, of 

 oil of turpentine, and of linseed oil. The dose of the mixture 

 for lambs is about half a fluid ounce. Instead of the tincture of 

 asafoetida, oil of filix-mas may be substituted. The dose of the 

 solid filix-mas for a lamb is about one or two drachms. An aperient 

 dose should be given of about one ounce of Epsom salts before 

 the filix-mas. Turpentine given in doses of one drachm in thick 

 linseed tea, linseed oil, or gruel may be useful. 



Next in order we come to the consideration of the Tmnia 

 denticiilata. This tapeworm varies in length from 8 to 10 

 inches, and in breadth from ^ to 1 inch. The head is square, and 

 is not provided either with hooks or with proboscis. The struc- 

 ture is like that of the Tcenia expansa, but the edges are more 

 distinctly serrated, and thus we can easily distinguish between 

 the two kinds. 



The Tmnia alba is found in the sheep of Italy. The egg- 

 capsules of this tapeworm are square-shaped and very thick and 

 strong. These tapeworms may attain the length of three yards. 

 The TcBTiia resterna is very short. 



However, ruminants suffer far more severely from bladder- 

 worms, such as the Echinococcus veterinoriim, the Cysticercus 

 tenuipollis, and the Coenurus cerebralisj which infest all varieties 

 of cattle, sheep, and goats, the deer tribe, antelopes, the giraffe, 

 and camels. Cattle are also very liable to harbour measles 

 {Cysticercus bovis), and sheep are troubled with the armed 

 Cysticercus ovis. 



The bladder-worms of ruminants, also included under the head 



