478 THE DISEASES AND DISOEDEES OF THE OX. 



The trichina spiralis has been reared in the goat and calf. 

 This worm has been found in man, pig, ox, rabbit, rat, and 

 other animals. The oxyuridee, or thread-worms, may be men- 

 tioned, and as an example of them the Oxyuris vermicularis of 

 children and the Oxyuris ciirvula of the horse. The female 

 oxyuris has a sharp-pointed tail; but the tail of the male is 

 blunt and curved upwards. The trichocephalidse may also be 

 mentioned as members of the group Nematoda. The head and 

 neck of these worms are thread-like, and the body, being flat, 

 presents somewhat the appearance of the handle of a whip. 

 These so-called whip-worms are sometimes fatal to lambs. 

 Both the male and the female Trichocephalus affinis, or whip- 

 worm of ruminants, are two inches long. It infests the large 

 and small intestines, and especially the coecum of the sheep 

 and goat, and rarely of the ox, and gives rise to irritation. 

 Turpentine is said to be very useful in regard to cure. 



We may also mention that the Trichocephalus affinis ^xohaWy 

 infests all ruminating animals. Moreover, the eyes of cattle 

 are occasionally infested with the Filaria lachrymalis and the 

 Filaria papillosa, which last is the common eye-worm of the 

 horse. Indeed, the Filaria papillosa^ or eye-worm, has been 

 found in the horse, ox, and ass. Only two cases of its occur- 

 rence in the ox have been recorded. It is found in the globe 

 of the eye, usually in a cyst within the cornea, also in the peri- 

 toneal and thoracic cavities, in the diaphragm and abdominal 

 muscles, and in the arachnoid membrane of the brain. 



Leaving now the worms for the purpose of turning to the 

 external parasites, we have the mange-mite of the ox, which is 

 called the Chorioptes spathiferus. Ruminants are annoyed by 

 many insects, including flies, fleas and lice. The Hypoderma 

 bovis, whose larvae form warbles on the back, has been already 

 described, while the larvae of the Cephenomijia hovis reside at 

 the root of the tongue and neighbouring parts. 



The tsetse-fly {Glossina morsitans) has been immortalised by 

 Livingstone. It is one of the worst of the free parasites which 

 attack ruminants. The Rhagio columhaschensis is a fly which 

 proves fearfully destructive to cattle in Hungary and Servia. As 

 regards the lice, Hcemaiojnnus vituli of the calf, H. eurysternns 

 of cattle, and also the Trichodectes scalaris of the ox, should be 

 mentioned. 



