DISEASES OF THE OX AND SHEEP. 511 



must be expelled at all hazards, and the sensitive canal is hence 

 excited into violent expulsive action, which is probably the more 

 forcible, the more need there is for gigantic eflPorts. The animal 

 now and again moans and grinds its teeth in its agony, strikes 

 the belly with the hind feet, turns the face towards the seat of 

 pain, rises up suddenly, and again lies down, or throws itself 

 to the ground. 



As might be expected, the more restless the animal be, the 

 greater will be its movements. A horse, suffering from a slight 

 attack, will paw the ground, frequently turn the head to the seat 

 of pain, and, if the pains become excessive, will kick and shiver, 

 and throw itself with vehemence upon the ground, now with all 

 four feet kicking in the air, now lying recumbent on one side, 

 and now on the other. Frequently, if not taken well in hand, 

 horses will seriously damage themselves ; and if the violence of 

 the suffering be not assuaged before long, the animal will almost 

 certainly die. This also applies in a less degree to oxen, and 

 in fact to all kinds of animals, and it has .been well explained by 

 Dr. D. A. Gresswell in his pamphlet on Sotne Pathological 

 Bearings of Darwinism, on the theory that pain, being associated 

 as it is with the struggle for existence as manifested in fighting, 

 even when dependent upon disease, is to some extent similarly 

 associated in the animal's mind. 



In the case of colic, the animal is embarrassed in that it does 

 not know the source of pain ; but, nevertheless, the mechanism 

 of its actions is so complex that, when it is suffering this severe 

 agony, the energy which would have been useful to repulse the 

 attack of an enemy is almost involuntarily expended, and in 

 the same or a very similar way. Not only is this the case, 

 but also we find the whole complicated machinery of work, as 

 opposed to that of rest, is almost entirely brought into play. 

 There is loss of appetite and cessation of chewing the cud ; 

 the animal sweats, frequently passes water in very small quan- 

 tities, and, albeit that there is generally constipation, occa- 

 sionally discharges a little fecal material. Tympanites, also, is 

 very often brought on. Moreover, when the animal is actually 

 in pain, the pulse is full, bounding, and quickened, while, in the 

 intervals of freedom from suffering, it is very fairly normal. To 

 speak briefly, there is in cases of colic a severe exaltation of the 

 mechanism of work. 



