270 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE VETERINARY SCHOOLS. 



mappes, where lie displayed so much courage as to be honored with 

 the standard of his regiment. In 1795 he retired from the army 

 and entered the veterinary school at Alfort. Having passed the 

 requisite examination successfully, we find him, in 1798, acting as 

 assistant at his Alma Mater, and, after passing successfully the re- 

 quired competitive examination, received the professorship of Bot- 

 any, Chemistry, Pharmacy, and Materia Medica. In 1805 he ac- 

 quired the title of Doctor of Medicine, after having devotedly given 

 himself to the study of the necessary branches ; his dissertation 

 treated upon ' Purulent Abscesses and Tumors.' At this time he 

 was very intimate with Dupuytren, so well known in the history of 

 French medicine at this period. He gave his chief attention to the 

 study of pathological anatomy, recognizing the fact that all talk 

 about disease is but mere words, unless one knows intimately of 

 what disease consists. The first product of his investigation in this 

 important branch of medicine was a work which gave rise to much 

 discussion, upon ' Tuberculosis, which is generally called Glanders,' 

 Paris, 1817. Dieterichs, who studied with him in Paris, says that 

 he ' sought to find tubercles everywhere, though no one with healthy 

 eyes could see them, and that he would gladly have seen every dis- 

 ease classed under this one name, so enthusiastic was he in this 

 direction.' His own countrymen seem to have recognized his zeal 

 in this direction." 



With the opening of the Toulouse school, he was called to be its 

 director, but his mind was so exclusively scientific that he does not 

 seem to have had the attributes necessary to successfully fill such a 

 position, for in 1832 he was discharged, even without a pension. 

 He then removed to Paris, and engaged in practice and the publi- 

 cation of books, but his endeavors do not appear to have been re- 

 warded by success, for he left his family in such a destitute con- 

 dition that the Central Veterinary Society of Paris felt themselves 

 obhged to institute a collection for their benefit. 



During the extension of the empire under Napoleon I the estab- 

 lishment of three other veterinary schools was considered, but only 

 one came to a positive result — that at Turin, Italy, which is still in 

 existence. 



The French schools have from the beginning enjoyed a creditable 

 independence from those of medicine, though not without attempts 

 aiming to unite these two branches of medical education. At first 

 they were under the control of the Minister of the Interior, but 

 later have been controlled by the Minister of Agriculture, Com- 

 merce, and Industry, assisted by an inspector-general, that position 



