134 DISEASES OF SWINE 



cutting into it we find the inner lining very frequently spotted with 

 hemorrhagic areas of various sizes. As in the skin, these may be 

 so small as to almost escape notice, or may be quite large and 

 prominent. In many cases there is a severe inflammation of the 

 entire stomach (gastritis) and a diffuse redness of the entire lining 

 mucous membrane. 



It is also a very common occurrence to find in the stomach a 

 large number of worms. These are in no way a part of hog- 

 cholera, but may be of importance in so far as they possibly lower 

 the vitality of the animals, and render them more susceptible to 

 attack by the cholera virus. 



Many authors do not mention it, but I have very commonly 

 found the typical button-like ulcers in the membrane of the 

 stomach. These are small spots in the mucous membrane, which 

 has been eaten away by the disease process, and which is covered 

 over on the surface with an elevated cap or scab. If this is brushed 

 off with the back of the knife a typical ulcerated surface will be 

 found beneath. I have in my museum collection several specimens 

 of ulcerated stomach taken from hog-cholera cases, and in post- 

 mortem examinations in the field I have found them to be of quite 

 common occurrence. 



The Small Intestine. — We next examine the small intestine, 

 which begins at the stomach and terminates at the junction of the 

 ileum with the large bowel. This portion of the bowel is divided 

 into three parts. That part immediately attached to the stomach 

 is known as the duodenum, and is not usually very markedly in- 

 volved in the lesions of cholera. In some cases, where there is a 

 generalized inflammation of the intestines accompanying the dis- 

 ease, the inner surface of the duodenum will be found reddened, and 

 in occasional cases ulcers will be found. 



The second portion of the small bowel, the jejunum, hes be- 

 tween the duodenum and the ileum, which is the third and prin- 

 cipal portion of the small intestine. This part of the bowel also 

 shows no typical lesions beyond a diffuse redness where an inflam- 

 mation of the bowel exists, and in some few cases a scattering of 

 ulcers may extend into this part of the bowel. 



The ileum, or last part of the small intestine, which includes 

 the last several feet of the small bowel before it empties into the 



