CHANGES IN THE OVUM. 105 



the abdominal ring, while others arise from Poupart's ligament : the 

 whole, enclosed by connective tissue and connected by a fold of perito- 

 neum to the. psoas muscle, extending to the testis. This gubernaculum, 

 in shrinking or contracting, draws the testis below the kidney to the 

 abdominal ring, where it rests for a brief space ; after which it reaches 

 the scrotum, where it is found after birth with the remains of the scrotal 

 part of the gubernaculum. The iliac and the pubic portions of the mus- 

 cular tissue now become the " cremaster," muscle, while the sac of per- 

 itoneum carried down with the testicle is converted, by obliteration of the 

 neck, into the tunica vaginalis testis. 



In solipeds the testicles do not usually descend into the scrotum until 

 six months after birth ; when one or both do not appear, as sometimes 

 happens in the male domesticated animals, and remain in the abdominal 

 cavity during life, the gubernaculum, or what corresponds to it, is reduced 

 to a small thin cord, without a trace of cavity, and showing only some 

 few pale fibres of the atrophied cremaster muscle. In the foal they are 

 voluminous, and somwhat reddish in color ; they are occasionally found 

 in the scrotum at birth ; but they soon ascend into the abdomen, to 

 redescend during the first year. With some animals, however, as has 

 been already mentioned, and far more frequently with the Horse and 

 Pig than any others, the testicles remain in the abdomen during life, or 

 only one descends to its natural situation. When they remain in the 

 abdominal cavity, the animal is said to be " anorchid '' or *' cryptorchid \ " 

 and it has been shown that, although such animals have the sexual pro- 

 pensity well marked, yet they are unproductive j their semen does not 

 contain any spermatozoa. 



When one testicle has migrated to the scrotum, leaving one iij the 

 abdomen, the Horse is " monorchid," and possesses the jDower of repro- 

 duction unimpaired. 



In ruminants the testicles are small, and are in the scrotum at birth, 

 where they remain. Sometimes there is a strange malposition of the 

 testicles, and especially in the Pig ; they having been found beneath the 

 chin, in the flank, and elsewhere. 



In the female, the ovary is derived from the genital gland, whose 

 anatomical elements are disposed so as to form the stroma, Graafian 

 follicles, and the ova. 



In foetal solipeds the ovary is of an immense size, especially about 

 the middle of gestation, and its stroma is red and extremely soft. In 

 other animals, and particularly ruminants, this disproportion is not ob- 

 served. 



The Fallopian tube and its pavilion are formed by the anterior portion 

 of Miiller's duct, the extremity of which presents a small linear orifice. 

 The uterus and vagifia arise from the posterior part of these ducts, which 

 approach each other, and finish by amalgamating posteriorly to form a 

 single canal. This fusion originates the vagina and body of the uterus, 

 the two diverging portions of the ducts comprised between the point of 

 union and the Fallopian tubes forming the uterine cornui. The uterus 

 and vagina are at first continuous and without any sign of demarcation, 

 but towards the sixth month the neck of the uterus begins to become 

 apparent. 



The external organs of the female in their indifferent state, demand 

 notice. The intestine terminates in the cloaca, a cavity into which not 

 only this tube but also the bladder enters, through the urogenital sinus. 



