536 



OBSTETRIC OPERATIONS. 



one or one and a quarter inch wide, the edges being smooth and rounded, 

 and one end fixed in a wooden handle (Fig. 190). 



Carsten-Harms employs a double spatula about three feet in length ; 

 the blade at each end is about an inch wide and two inches long, the 

 intermediate portion being simply a round rod about half-inch thick j one 

 end is a little bent to one side (Fig. 191). This instrument can be used 

 with both hands, and is more firmly held than a one-handed spatula. 







Fig. r8q. 



Gunther's Long-hakdled 

 Embryotom. 



Fig. 190. 



Cartwright's Subcutaneous 

 Spatula. 



ll 



Fig. 191 



Carsten-Harms's 

 Spatula. 



Ungefrohrn proposes another, but somewhat differently-shaped, spatula. 

 This measures about twenty-five inches, the stalk being about three-eighths 

 of an inch thick, and the blade two inches long and somewhat crescent- 

 shaped ; the convex border is most useful in raising the skin, particularly 

 in parts where the connective tissue is close and resisting. The blade 

 must be pretty strong and slightly convex on one side, concave on the 

 other. The other end has a wide eyelet as a handle. 



The section of bones, though not often necessary, is nevertheless some- 



