7 o8 PA THOL OGY OF PAR TURITION. 



there were also some epithelial cells, milk-globules and small masses of coagulated 

 casein. On February 28, the inflammation had extended to the left posterior quarter. 



In another experiment he injected some putrid-flesh fluid into the milk duct of a teat. 

 Next day this quarter of the udder was affected with acute parenchymatous inflamma- 

 tion ; the milk was curdled, purulent, and contained large numbers of pus-corpuscles 

 and micrococci. In a few days the adjoining quarter was likewise involved. 



The structure of the teat and arrangement of the milk-sinuses and 

 ducts in the Mare, ruminants, and Swine, are, in the opinion of Franck, 

 favorable for the reception of infection ; and this accounts for the read- 

 iness with which parenchymatous inflammation of the udder occurs early 

 in foot-and-mouth-disease, the virus of this specific malady finding its 

 way from the surface of the gland into the teat. The wider prevalence 

 of mammitis in close sultry weather during summer, than in cold winter 

 weather, may be accounted for by the readiness with which organic mat- 

 ters putrefy. By the way of infection, those extensive outbreaks of mam- 

 mitis which occur among flocks of sheep may also be explained. Those 

 cases of the disease which follow abortion, or accompany metritis or va- 

 ginitis, may also be attributed to self-infection, instead of metastasis ; in- 

 deed, in Franck's view those maladies which lead to the formation of 

 putrid or septic matter — such as parturient fever, omphalitis in the prog- 

 eny, retention and putrefaction of the after-birth, etc. — may all be pro- 

 ductive of mammitis in this way. Disease of the progeny may also give 

 rise to it, the infection being conveyed to the teat by the young in the 

 act of sucking. The hands of milkers or others, or soiled litter or ground 

 on which the animal lies, may also be the means of conveying the infec- 

 tion. Franck believes that the column of milk in the sinuses and ducts 

 is first tainted, and that this is effected through the milk at the end of 

 the teat — a drop or two of which maybe suspended therefrom. A chem- 

 ical change is thereby brought about in the milk, and this altered secre- 

 tion leads to the inflammation, which is secondary. An alteration in the' 

 character of the milk is, it w^ill be remembered, one of the first symptoms 

 — if not the first — of mammitis. Consequently, "dry" Cows, or those to 

 which the infection cannot obtain access, are not attacked by the mal- 

 ady ; and " dry " Cows suffering from foot-and-mouth-disease never have 

 parenchymatous mammitis. 



In the veterinary journal of the University of Y\%2>. [Giornale di Anatomia, etc.,dcgli 

 Animali, 1875) Professor Rivolta describes a form of mammitis prevailing among sheep 

 in the neighborhood of Pisa, towards the end of winter and commencement of spring, 

 and to which he has prefixed the designation of " septic." He gives it this designation 

 because, when it begins at a certain part of the mammary gland, there is noted a kind 

 of putrefaction of the juices of the skin, as well as of the gland itself; and besides, in the 

 sero-sanguinolent fluid in the connective tissue of the gland are remarked a very active 

 element in the process of putrefaction, in the presence of micrococci and bacteria. 



The disease appears to be perfectly distinct from the gangrenous mammitis, and the 

 gangrenous, or anthracoid erysipelas, described by various writers. It is a local malady 

 which usually invades the gland, extending at a certain rate of progress, and most fre- 

 quently proving fatal. It ordinarily commences in the neighborhood of, or in, one of 

 the teats ; if the latter, it offers a circumscribed (Edematous tumefaction, while the sur- 

 face of the skin thereon is intensely red. This red patch rapidly assumes a grey color, 

 and finally becomes almost black.' Sometimes blood escapes from the affected teat. 

 This cedematous swelling and discoloration gradually extend, and in a more or less brief 

 period of time has invaded one-third or one-half of the udder — not even sparing the 

 tissue of the gland. The whole of the affected part is then tumefied, doughy, somewhat 

 consistent, slightly or not at all sensitive, and dark or black in hue. The line of demar- 

 cation between the healthy and diseased portion is perfectly defined; the former being 

 of a rosy color, and normal in size and consistency. The diseased condition spreads 

 beyond the udder to beneath the abdomen, and when an ulcer appears on the gland, 



