744 DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. 



The animal did not appear to be as lively as it ought. About eight days after birth a 

 swelling showed itself in the neigborhood of the navel ; this, however, disappeared after 

 the application of poultices. Fourteen days after birth the calf could not stand, and 

 painful swellings appeared on the inner aspect of the knee joints. Until this time, the 

 creature had a good appetite, and had taken a plentiful supply of milk regularly every 

 day. On February 27th the appetite entirely failed, and on the 28th the calf was 

 killed, in order that the carcase might realize something. The most important organs 

 were sent to Bollinger, and their examination yielded the following results : 



There via.?, purulent omphalo-thrombo-p/ilebitis, with thrombosis of the portal vein ; fibro- 

 purulent gonarthritis of the stifle joints, afid purulent peri-arthritis ; ptirulent tracheo- 

 bronchitis, embolic infarction of the lungs, conuneiicing endocarditis of the mitral valves, and 

 getieralized icterus. The parts surrounding the stifle joints were of a pale-yellow color, 

 infiltrated with sero-purulent fluid, and moderately thickened. In the cavity of the 

 joints there was a tolerable quantity of dark-tinted serum, and on the synovial membrane 

 more especially was a mass of yellowish-green, firm fibro-purulent matter, about two 

 centimetres thick, which projected into the synovial cavity. The cartilages of the joints 

 were covered with similar matter, and in some places they were quite rough. The 

 entire capsule of the joint was inflamed, softened, and purulent. The trachea and 

 bronchial tubes contained a quantity of muco-purulent fluid, which, in the latter, formed 

 itself into one mass. The mucous membrane was paFe : the almost bloodless lungs had 

 ecchymosed spots beneath the pleura, and in one place were two wedge-shaped masses 

 the size of a pea, which, on being cut open, were found to contain pus in the centre. 

 The heart and pericardium were normal, with the exception of the mitral valve, which 

 showed alteration in being of a dark-red color, thickened, and exhibiting haemorrhagic 

 infiltration in places; by means of the microscope, a notable cellular opening could be 

 perceived in the connective tissue close to the haemorrhage. The spleen was of normal 

 size, but pale and bloodless; the liver was enlarged, full of blood, icteric in tint; in 

 parts were small subperitoneal haemorrhagic deposits. The umbilical vein was dis- 

 tended throughout its entire length, its walls were considerably thickened, and the inner 

 surface was of a dirty-grey color, rough, uneven, and studded with greyish-white puri- 

 form deposits. This alteration in the umbilical vein extended as far as its junction with 

 the posterior vena cava, which, owing to the closure of the ductus venosus, is not in 

 direct communication with the umbilical vein. Where the umbilical vein enters the 

 portal vein was a purulent cloaca, beyond which was a large thrombotic puriform mass 

 that obliterated the cavity of the latter vessel as far as its bifurcation. As fatty degen- 

 eration of the heart was suspected from its appearance, the tissue of that organ was 

 examined microscopically, but it was found to be normal. The voluntary muscles in 

 the vicinity of the diseased joints, and which appeared very pale to the naked eye, were 

 only clouded with granular matter. The puriform contents of the umbilical vein con- 

 sisted of fatty granular detritus, in which it was diflicult to detect pus corpuscles ; 

 bacteria could not be found in any number. The liver offered indications of a violent 

 icterus, and exhibited all the alterations of acute parenchymatous hepatitis, with marked 

 granular degeneration of the hepatic cells. 



In the three autopsies of foals made by Bollinger at Graditz ( Virchozu's Archiv., 1873), 

 he found double broncho-pneumonia of the anterior lobes of the lungs, pulmonary 

 abscesses, purulent arthritis, intra-muscular abscesses, caries of the bones, and fatty 

 degeneration of the muscles of animal life, particularly in the neighborhood of the 

 affected joints ; fatty degeneration of the heart tissue, liver, and kidneys. In the in- 

 testinal canal were lesions of catarrhal enteritis, accompanied by hyperplasia of the 

 mesenteric glands. Neither in the animals when alive, nor at their autopsy, were there 

 any of the signs of rachitism mentioned by Roloff. The umbilical cord was unfor- 

 tunately not examined. 



On another occasion, the same excellent veterinary pathologist examined the bodies of 

 two foals — one three weeks, the other five weeks old — which had succumbed to this 

 malady. In these there was inflammation and thrombosis of the umbilical vessels, con- 

 tinuation of the thrombosis of the umbilical vein (in process of suppuration) into the 

 portal vein, which was also affected with thrombosis, as well as its hepatic ramifica- 

 tions. In one of these cases there was likewise thrombosis of the pulmonary artery, 

 double pleurisy with pericarditis, purulent arthritis affecting several joints, vast intra- 

 muscular or subcutaneous abscesses, and cutaneous erysipelas. In the other case, there 

 were pulmonary abscesses, circumscribe pleurisy, purulent irido-choroiditis, and, 

 finally, in addition to general anaemia, there was great tumefaction of the bronchial and 

 mesenteric glands. 



The result of these autopsies, together with the symptoms observed 

 during life, led Bollinger to the conclusion that the development of the 



