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THE GENESEE FAEMER. 107 



extremeties of arteries into veins in the udder, or lacteal gland, to the best possible 

 advantage. In some glands, two pounds of milk an hour, or forty-eight in twenty-four 

 hours, have been secreted ; and even considerably more than this result has been 

 attained. Now, if we could have our way in educating the youth who are to keep cows, 

 every one should have a clear idea of nature's plan of separating from arterial blood a 

 quart of rich milk an hour. There is no hocus-pocus black art in this beautiful opera- 

 tion, and a child with half an eye may see it, if his dad will only let him. If it were 

 not for the vinegar of prejudice, and the aqua fortis of ignorance, the laws of Providence 

 which really govern the results of farm labor would be studied and obeyed with great 

 success in this republic. All that we contend for is the sober, steady, and diligent investi- 

 gation of the laws of God. If we mistake not, our highest duty and our highest interest 

 alike demand that His laws be regarded as the basis of all agricultural principles. From 

 no other point of view is it possible to see agriculture as it is ; or rather, as it ought to 

 be. Principles, to be worth anything, must be founded in nature, and nature is every- 

 where under the control of laws established by the Creator. A knowledge of these laws 

 is science, a-nd anything short has little claim to that appellation. Hitherto science has 

 done very little for tillage and husbandry, simply because its .principles are treated with 

 general neglect and contempt. 



Why should whey, which contains very little butter and no cheese, be a valuable 

 addition to the feed of cows for the production of cheese, in dairies for that purpose ? 

 The large per centage of sugar in whey supports respiration, and thereby permits food 

 that abounds in the elements of cheese to be appropriated to the formation of milk, 

 instead of being consumed to keep the animal warm. Nature's process for making 

 milk, and the adaptation of the raw material to her purposes, are matters to be well 

 understood before one can expect to see the relation that 100 lbs. of carrots or grass 

 bear to 50 lbs. of milk, under the most favorable circumstances. 



BEET -ROOT SUGAR. 



Sugar is now not only a luxury, but a necessary of a civilized community. — indispensa- 

 ble to the enjoyment and comfort of human life. Its sources are various and inexhaust- 

 ible, being found in greater or less quantities in nearly every vegetable. It is divided 

 by chemists into two kinds, cane sugar and grape sugar : the former being principally 

 obtained from the cane, beet-root, maple and palm trees ; and the latter existing in the 

 grape and nearly all fruits. Cane sugar can be easily converted into grape sugar, but 

 the inverse conversion has not yet been effected. Their composition is as follows : 



Owne Sugar. Grape Sugar. 



Carbon, ; 47.1 86.7 



Hydrogen, 5.9 6.8 



Oxygen, 47.0 56.5 



100.0 100.0 



Cane sugar is readily obtained in a hard crystallized form, but grape sugar is crystal- 

 lized with great difficulty, and is usually found in the form of molasses. Starch is con- 

 vertible into grape sugar by the use of diluted sulphuric acid, and in the malting process 

 the starch of the grain is converted into sugar by diastase. By the use of yeast, or 

 other nitrogenous, fermenting substance, sugar, from whatever source obtained, is con- 

 vertible into carbonic acid and alcohol, the intoxicating ingredient of all spirituous 

 liquors, wine, beer, cider, &c., <fec. 



The cane contains about 18 per cent, of sugar, though by the present process of man- 

 ufacturing it, little more than 7 per cent, is obtained. This is owing principally to the 

 - v difficulty of expressing all the juice from the cane. Thus, while the cane contains 84 . - 



ibrp rrd. 



