502 Typhoid Fever 



and calculus-formation begun. The presence of gall-stones, 

 together with the long-lived infective agents, may at any 

 subsequent time provoke a cholecystitis. Gushing collected 

 six cases of operation for cholecystitis with calculi in which 

 typhoid bacilli were present, and five in which Bacillus coli 

 communis was present in the gall-bladder. 



Lower Animals. Typhoid fever is communicable to 

 animals with difficulty. They are not infected by bacilli 

 contained in fecal matter or by pure cultures mixed with 

 the food, and are not injured by the injection of blood from 

 typhoid patients. Gaffky failed completely to produce any 

 symptoms suggestive of typhoid fever in rabbits, guinea- 

 pigs, white rats, mice, pigeons, chickens, and calves, and 

 found that Java apes could feed daily upon food polluted 

 with typhoid germs for a considerable time, yet without 

 symptoms. Griinbaum* produced typhoid fever in the 

 chimpanzee by inoculation with the Eberth-Gaffky bacillus. 

 This seems to prove its specific natuie. The introduction 

 of virulent cultures into the abdominal cavity of animals is 

 followed by peritonitis. 



Germano and Maurea f found that mice succumbed in 

 from one to three days after intraperitoneal injection of 

 i or 2 c.c. of a twenty-four hour old bouillon culture. 

 Subcutaneous injections in rabbits and dogs caused ab- 

 scesses. 



Losener found the introduction of 3 mgr. of an agar-agar 

 culture into the abdominal cavity of guinea-pigs to be 

 fatal. 



When the gastric contents of animals are rendered alka- 

 line, a large quantity of laudanum injected into the perito- 

 neal cavity, and the bacilli introduced through an esophageal 

 catheter, Klemperer, Levy, and others found that an intes- 

 tinal condition which very much resembled typhoid as it 

 occurs in man was produced. The virulence of the bacillus 

 can be very greatly increased by rapid passage from guinea- 

 pig to guinea-pig. 



Virulent cultures of the typhoid bacillus, when injected 

 subcutaneously into guinea-pigs and some other laboratory 

 animals, produce a fatal septic infection. 



In the experiments of Chantemesse and Widal the symp- 



*"Brit. Med. Jour.," April 9, 1904. 

 f'Ziegler's Beitrage," Bd. xn, Heft 3, p. 494. 



