HISTORICAL. 347 



ments outside of the stomach. Carminati (1785) then found that the stomach 

 of carnivora, especially when engaged in digestion, secretes an actively acid juice. 

 Prout discovered in 1824 the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice and Sprott 

 and Boyd in 1836 found the glands of the gastric mucous membrane, among 

 which Wassmann and Bischoff distinguished the two different kinds. After 

 Beaumont (1825-1833) had made his observations upon a man with a gastric 

 fistula, Bassow (1842) and Blondlot (1843) established the first artificial gastric 

 fistulae in animals. Eberle subsequently (1834) prepared artificial gastric 

 juice. Mialhe designated the albumin modified by digestion as albuminose; 

 while Lehmann, who examined this more thoroughly, introduced the name of 

 peptone. Schwann (1836) first prepared pepsin and defined its activity in com- 

 bination with hydrochloric acid. 



Pancreas, Bile, Intestinal Digestion. The pancreas was known to the Hip- 

 pocratic school. Moritz Hofmann demonstrated in 1641 its excretory duct in 

 the turkey to Wirsung, who (1642) described it in human beings as his dis- 

 covery. Regner de Graaf collected in 1663 pancreatic juice from fistulae, and which 

 Tiedemann and Gmelin found to be alkaline, while Leuret and Lassaigne found 

 it to resemble saliva. Bouchardat and Sandras in 1845 discovered its diastatic, 

 Eberle in 1834 its emulsifying, Purkinje and Pappenheim in 1836 its peptic, and 

 Cl. Bernard in 1846 its fat-splitting properties, to the last of which Purkinje and 

 Pappenheim had already directed attention. 



Aristotle designates the bile as a useless excrementitious product. Ac- 

 cording to Erasistratus the bile is conveyed from the liver to the gall-bladder 

 through most minute, invisible ducts. Aretaeus attributed the cause of icterus to 

 occlusion of the bile-ducts. Benedetti in 1493 described gall-stones. According 

 to Jasolinus (1573) the gall-bladder is emptied by its own contraction. Sylvius de 

 le Boe (1640) observed the hepatic lymph- vessels, Walaeus (1641) the connective 

 tissue of the so-called capsule of Glisson. Albr. v. Haller pointed out the utility 

 of the bile in the digestion of fat. Henle, Purkinje and Dutrochet (1838) de- 

 scribed the liver-cells. Heynsius discovered urea, Cl. Bernard (1853) sugar, in 

 the liver, and with Hensen (1857), ne found glycogen in the liver. Kiernan (1834) 

 described the blood-vessels more thoroughly. Beale injected the lymph- vessels, 

 Gerlach (1854) the finest biliary passages, Schwann (1844) established the first 

 biliary fistula. Gmelin discovered cholesterin, taurin and the biliary acids. 

 Demarcey pointed out the combination of the biliary acids with sodium (1838). 

 Strecker found the sodium-combinations of both biliary acids and isolated them. 



Corn. Celsus mentioned nutritive enemata (3-5 A.D.). Laguna (1533) and 

 Rondelet (1554) knew of Bauhin's valve. Fallopia (1561) described the folds 

 and villi of the intestinal mucous membrane, as well as the nerve-plexuses 

 of the mesentery. J. Conrad Brunner (1687) discovered the duodenal glands 

 that bear his name. Severinus (1645) knew of the agminated follicles (Peyer's 

 patches, 1673) and Galeati (1731) knew of Leiberkuhn's (1745) glands in the 

 intestine. 



