498 



BLOOD AND HEMOGLOBIN IN THE URINE. 



FlO. 159. Red and White Blood-corpuscles of Varying Size. 



in fresh preparations, often exhibit distinct ameboid movement, are found among 

 the erythrocytes, which often are greatly shrunken. If the urine, as is usual, 



is of alkaline reaction, crystals 

 of ammonio -magnesium phos- 

 phate will be present (Fig. 160) . 

 If the erythrocytes have al- 

 ready become pale, they are 

 not rarely rendered more dis- 

 tinct by addition of a wine- 

 yellow solution of iodin and 

 potassium iodid. 



Hemoglobinuria, that is, 

 the elimination of hemoglobin 

 through the urine, is entirely 

 distinct from true hematuria. 

 It occurs only when a consider- 

 able amount of hemoglobin has 

 already been set free in the 

 vessels from dissolved red 

 blood-corpuscles (hemocytoly- 

 sis). This is observed in its 

 purest form after transfusion 

 of blood from an animal of a 

 different species, and also from 

 lambs' blood in human beings. 

 The foreign blood-corpuscles 

 are dissolved in the blood- 

 stream of the recipient and the 

 hemoglobin appears in the 

 urine . In addition , microscopic 



casts of the urinary tubules of coagulated globulin-like substance, stained yellow 

 by hemoglobin, are present. Hemoglobin has been found in the urine, also, after 

 extensive burns; after decomposition of blood in the body in cases of pyemia, 

 scorbutus, purpura, severe ty- 

 phoid fever ; after the ingestion 

 of unboiled toad-stools, and of 

 lupins by sheep; after inhala- 

 tion of hydrogen arsenid ; after 

 the entrance of azobenzol, 

 naphthol, pyrogallic acid, to- 

 luylendiamin, potassium chlor- 

 ate, chloral, phosphorus, or car- 

 bolic acid, into the circulation, 

 as these bodies dissolve the 

 erythrocytes; and, finally, 

 periodically in attacks (in the 

 horse also) of as yet unex- 

 plained nature, in which the 

 condition appears to depend 

 upon undue solubility of the 

 erythrocytes, particularly from 

 the action of external cold upon 

 the skin. 



Demonstration of Blood in 

 the Urine. i. The color of 

 urine containing blood has 

 been observed to be of all 

 shades, from light red to dark 



FIG. 160. Greatly Shrunken Red Blood-corpuscles in the Urine 

 from a Case of Catarrh of the Bladder, in the midst of numer- 

 ous Leukocytes and small Crystals of Triple Phosphates. 



brownish-black, in accordance 

 with the amount of blood 

 present. Often the urine is 

 turbid. 



2. Urine containing blood or hemoglobin must always exhibit the reactions 

 of album^n. 



3. Heller's blood-test: To urine in a test-tube, one-third potassium hydrate is 

 added and moderate heat is applied. The earthy phosphates are precipitated, 



