CONTENTS. xiii 



CHAPTER XII. 

 THE UKINE. 



PAGE 



GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 224 



General appearance 224 



Color 225 



Odor 226 



Amount 226 



Specific gravity 227 



Reaction 227 



Determination of the acidity of the urine 229 



Chemical composition 230 



THE INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE URINE 230 



Quantitative estimation of the mineral ash 233 



Quantitative estimation of the chlorides 233 



Quantitative estimation of the phosphates 233 



Separate estimation of the earthy and alkaline phosphates 234 



Quantitative estimation of the sulphates 234 



Test for nitrates 236 



THE ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE URINE . 236 



The nitrogenous constituents of the urine 236 



Urea 236 



Origin 236 



Nitrogenous equilibrium 239 



Properties 241 



Urea-nitrate 241 



Urea-oxalate 241 



Synthetic formation 243 



Isolation 243 



Quantitative estimation 243 



Estimation of the preformed ammonia 244 



Estimation of the total urinary nitrogen 245 



Uric acid 246 



Origin 246 



Properties 249 



Tests 250 



Isolation 251 



Quantitative estimation 251 



The xanthin-bases .' 252 



Origin 252 



Quantitative estimation 253 



Oxalic acid and oxaluric acid 254 



Quantitative estimation of oxalic acid 255 



Allantoin. 256 



Isolation 256 



Kreatin and kreatinin 257 



Properties 257 



Tests. . 258 



Synthesis 258 



Isolation and quantitative estimation 259 



