i STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY OF ANIMALS 31 



the absorption of the digested food-substances. Into this part are 

 poured "the secretions of the various digestive glands, which act on 

 the different ingredients of the food so as to render them more 

 soluble. Through the lining membrane of this part the digested 

 nutrient matter passes, to enter the blood system. This region 

 may present a number of different parts ; nearly always there are 

 at least two a wide sac, the stomach, and a narrow tube, the 

 intestine. 



The cgestive or efferent part of the alimentary canal is the 

 posterior part of the intestine in which digestion and absorption, 

 do not go on, or only go on to a limited extent, and which serves 



FIG. 21. General view of the viscera of a male Frog, from the right side. , stomach ; 1>, urinary 

 bladder ; c, small intestine ; cl, cloacal aperture ; </, large intestine ; c, liver ; /, bile duct ; 

 ft, gall bladder ; h, spleen ; ?, lung ; / , larynx ; I, fat body ; m, testis ; n, ureter ; o, kidney ; 

 p, pancreas; s, cerebral hemisphere; sp, spinal cord; t, tongue; c, auricle; v. r, urostyle ; 

 , ventricle ; r., vesicula seminalis ; iv, optic lobe ; x, cerebellum ; y, Eustachiaii recess ; 

 ~, nasal sac. (From Marshall.) 



merely for the passage to the anal opening of the fccccs or 

 unabsorbed effete matters of the food. 



The whole of the interior of the alimentary canal is lined 

 by a layer of cells the alimentary or enteric epithelium. The 

 form and arrangement of the cells of this epithelium vary greatly 

 in different groups of animals. Usually, they are vertically 

 elongated, prismatic, or columnar, or pyramidal in shape; fre- 

 quently they are ciliated. In some lower forms, the cells lining 

 the alimentary cavity have the power, like Amoeba, of thrusting 

 forth processes of their protoplasm (Fig. 8, k), and of taking minute 

 particles of food into their interior to become digested and absorbed 

 (intracellular digestion}. Sometimes they are all more or less 

 active in secreting a fluid destined to act on the food and render 

 it more soluble ; sometimes this function is confined to certain of 

 the cells, which have a special form ; very often the secreting cells 



