32 ZOOLOGY SECT. 



line special little pouch-like, simple or branched glands, opening 

 by a passage or duct into the main cavity of the alimentary 

 canal. Besides these glands formed from specially modified cells 

 of the enteric epithelium there are nearly always present certain 

 large special glands, separate from the alimentary canal itself but 

 opening into it by means of ducts. Of these the most generally- 

 occurring are the glands termed salivary glands, liver, and pancreas. 

 The salivary glands have the function of secreting a fluid called 

 the saliva, which, in many cases at least, has a special action on 

 starchy matters, converting them into sugar. The ducts of these 

 glands open always, not into the digestive, but into some part 

 of the ingestive part of the alimentary system. 



The most important function of the liver properly so called 

 is one distinct from the process of digestion ; its secretion the 

 fo/6 has, however, at least a mechanical effect on this process, 

 and assists the secretion of the pancreas in its e'ffects upon fat. 

 In lower forms the organ to which the term liver is commonly applied 

 appears in many cases to- combine the functions of a true liver 

 with that of a pancreas, and is thus more appropriately termed 

 hepato-pancreas or liver-pancreas. 



The pancreas secretes a fluid the pancreatic juice which has a 

 very important effect in digestion. It renders substances of the 

 nature of albumins soluble by converting them into modifications 

 termed peptones ; it converts starch into the soluble substance sugar ; 

 it acts on fatty matters in such a way as to convert them into 

 emulsions which are capable of being taken up and absorbed, and 

 it effects the splitting up of part of the fat into fatty acids and 

 glycerine. 



When the food has been acted on by the various digestive 

 secretions, the soluble part of it is fitted to be taken up and 

 absorbed through the wall of the alimentary .canal into the blood 

 (in animals in which a blood-system exists), or into the fluid 

 which takes its place. In the higher animals a part of the 

 soluble matter of the food passes directly into the blood contained 

 in the blood-vessels ; while another part is taken up by a set of 

 special vessels, the lacteals, which are a part of the lymphatic 

 system, and reaches the blood indirectly. 



In some of the lower groups of animals there isno system of blood- 

 vessels, and the nutrient matter of the food, absorbed through 

 the alimentary canal merely passes from cell to cell throughout 

 the body, or is received into a space or series of spaces containing 

 fluid intervening between the alimentary canal and the wall of 

 the body. But in the majority of animals there is a system of 

 branching tubes containing a special fluid the Mood and it is 

 into this that the nutrient matter absorbed from the food sooner 

 or later finds its way. The blood has for one of its principal 

 functions the conveyance of the nutrient matters from the 



