bract-scales, 500), to a !e5 EXtenl in PA i T 7 . .V>:'-;:' : ::: simple c:-.e-s;aIesV as 

 :. . .1.1 in the siendei soft .:.-.. 5 nf$-aet '. -^^P.L^rTi-^r;:^^:. :: :. . . r . ... 

 8 loin.). On the other hand, the Kmit ug ;ise shc_ I . s\ 

 minimurr. sndaoc ::: loss by .:;.".- ::.::ion: in highly spe: .. ird Pinus-forms this 

 rr.i; '-.-.- irproximated in P.Pir.-:a, while i: is more general among the 



- ~: 7- bract-scale ::r.rs ' _~:." --.2. T~.\-:-dium. Crypiomeria, C: 



_::.;..:;.: _"./."" :.".::: li~:unr cases ir. ':.:-.'..:: ._..:. irpr.iri". ~ character- 

 istKaDf in Arancaiinea^ as great sob-^iherical cones of ^ -..-.-' .: I A.:ra- 



silicnris. and the s~ lid giobulai Danes :: A i . . ..<-, and Dammara. 



A teleaoo] T .~ri: D .r. :. short cone B dosed :;.vn wi:h a number of thin 



ited in C ;"'^j. 



: 5; ranges from P. La".. :. 21 in. lone. P. Crv'.v:'. a foot long 



and 3 pounds in weight Iry rr.: ?: r.vr .. / - and up 



to 10 Ib. [green :: the fin r spher.;^ cones :f Cmprcssiu -' i 



C. LauatmiaJta, Thuya occidmtalis, ar. i ?:..rrical berries i Jur. t S 6 mm. diam. 

 Oth-- ESI ranged rme Kate sequenoe : the point to no:e being that 



: _: regarding the largest cones as necessaril] : : r. the sm;.'.lr:: are un- 

 doobtr; lor e and reduced. le ; T::.::fr:.:. : : - .re general in nonhern 

 rr then rrsre:: ES lies; ::. 7. ::. P. mcmtana. and P. Bank- 



' :he /':'::. serif s. P:: .- compared with P. M:rv. _ 



- Scale-protection: The : -:.-': :: the 9ca 7$ of the :: . Is ^?bilus n 

 be considerabk A ~:a imc- : : bat . -: . ire of the . 



apparent : .. : )n ;n imbrication; Thuya per lone 



presents : nles r:::e;:t^ by the . - ^-scales, Zu: -.he intrc 



::" the 'cone-si . : r. -m mibrication ir. die -ealed cone becomes efeciive. and 



die xerophvtic value of the constrnction may be ganged by the number of scales 

 neriapping a :: the ovules, as also by -.:.- lepth : : lattei below 



sm&ce. The -..: _T f::~ i mm. (Ts*ga . :>) to 2 inches (P 



. da{ nx>m tht- ends of 3 scales <~P. s}^:;sfris) to 6-10 in Cedna. 

 f_. .-. :;i:::. is again wanting in the valvate 1 'f ./-..:..: srr:rf. in Taxodineae 

 ^5 S . i and in Aiancaiias as .: -T th more _:al cones, and in 



.-: - . . - - -- 



z-.::-^len.ce: Ir. ::.r mass ::" . 5 sue thus produced, protection against 

 desiccation follows tht general fines ::" f nA -: ipmenf .-:....: in .. rher 

 AngHspenns andwater-st rage :n. parenchymatous tissue _ B - : be green 



i i ricy cone; watei being reained : storage ::" organic acids (tannins. c.). 

 f : :. - - t your.- e - ::t ffr:.!..:i:.jn), and is 



Jfiuacfeeristk :: xmes ng as re growir.:-. 5. - :cculence may be 



specialized and utilized in ] 4 B a stages / fe), leading to the succulent 

 adnlt cone of _/ .:. : :r.r case at ".:.e juniper ; berry ' or 'dr_: 



In Ti.:: :- sinukur snccnlence - restricted I ia g th :-.rll'' or" Taxus, 



: the \ - : .~. T:::-2 . :r .\_-i:n to the a atesta (Ginkg:\. In 

 all cases eqn pment i :.:..-. is sn . nexion with birds follows 



precT^. . : il adaptations for water-storage. 



Bdemrifl Extensive bgn -o follc' - is a normal xeroph;:.. 



conc:.::r. in ultimate stages ::" seed-habit, and trie majority of cones harden, often 



jnitE sadda oease growtfa : c..P:nu:. :~.rr.-zia.te\y after fertilization). In 



adenmg follows die onset ::" the he: season (about midsummer), 



when petennation : a mmmei ion normally ':. Cones are commonly 



- : g - : ~~- r.ard 'or soft according to the amount of sclerosis in general parenchyma . 



stone-cells and sderiteSj ratbei dan in :: snes. Extreme cases : ._: in the 



inert ma ..r.ts ;: P. P;--;.. P. (. among ^npressineae in C. mocrocarfa; 



^ss-s:ltrcsei forms / > ;.-: : .; ::.. P:-:udotsuga. Larix. 5-needled Pines) are thus 



:ri'3.rded as its- extremely modified ir.d so far probably more primitive in this 



tct. Tr.r most highl] ted cones as : -iv:res are Pines with 



massive cone-s - ir. : ;..:.:.- apo :.;-:- iimparing favourably hi such special 



r_r::t itive mec DO '.vith any other sclerosed 'fruiting' structures in the vegetable 



king am. '-: ."' ' r.) 



Inversion: The prir. . a is that ;:" a f.:~er erected for pollination 



-borne pollen otiG . the primar negative -;::::rjism of a vegetative axis, 



18 



