' multinodal ' construction, but may be merely anomalous : the monaxial Pine may be 

 regarded as the converse case of spurs for leaders. 



(2) Juvenile needles replace scales subtending spurs; general in P. rigida, P. 

 canariensis, sporadic in P. Pinea, occasional in P. sylvestris. 



(3) General retention of juvenile leaves in the adult stage, as in Retinospora 

 forms of Thuya and Cupressus, and the heterophylly found in species of Juniperus and 

 Cupressus. A similar sport of Cryptomeria japonica =. C.elegans (Veitch). 



(4) Staminate flowers for ovulate, or vice versa, gives the case of the dioecious 

 tree becoming monoecious again (Taxus); even normally Staminate trees commonly 

 give a few fruits. Monoecious individuals also occur in Araucaria imbricata,Juniperus 

 virginiana, Ginkgo (also readily grafted on). 



(5) Imperfection in spur-mechanism, the apex continuing growth, either with 

 juvenile leaves, or as a normal leafy branch in the manner of Cedrus and Larix; 

 found following injury in Pinus rigida, rare in P. sylvestris. 



(6) Ovulate flowers replacing spur-shoots, beyond the normal limiting number at 

 the distal end of the annual shoot. Very striking examples are recorded, since con- 

 spicuous and giving massive coning regions or aggregates of cones (' cone-sickness ') : 

 cf. Pinus halepensis 112 cones in a mass, P. Laricio 47, P. sylvestris 227, P. Pinaster 

 60, Picca 107. 



(7) Staminate flowers sub-terminal, P. austriaca\ ovulate flowers terminating 

 a main lateral instead of one of minor degree, Sequoia gigantea. Staminate flowers 

 replacing scattered spurs, Pinus Strobus. 



III. Anomalous floral constructions may suggest a return to a hermaphrodite 

 condition, yet be wholly meaningless. 



(1) Stamens in the lower region of ovulate flowers; P. rigida, a* below and 



5 above, P. Thunbergii; rare in P. sylvestris, Larix, Picea, Abies, Cupressus 

 Lawsoniana. 



(2) Cone-scale mechanism in Staminate flowers, P. Pumilio, P. rigida ; or, again, 

 the cone-scale wholly wanting, P. muricata ; the bract-scale exceptionally reduced, 

 Pseudotsuga Douglasii, and not appearing in the adult cone. 



(3) Needle-bearing spurs in the axils of cone-scales (Pinus sp.), used without any 

 real grounds as suggestive of the bifoliar nature of the cone-scale. 



(4) The ' proliferating ' cone, the most general and striking case, in which the 

 axis of the ovulate flower continues to grow on and produce a second cone {Araucaria 

 excelsd), or, more commonly, leafy members. Where the ovulate flower normally 

 terminates a leafy shoot, and the scales grade from leaves below, this excites the less 

 remark (Cryptomeria japonica, with all transitional stages to elongated cone axes of 



6 in., and occasional also in Taxodium). But the phenomenon may be very striking 

 where the differentiation of bract-scale and cone-scale is once definitely established. 

 In Larix such proliferating cones are particularly common, the axis continuing for 

 several inches, and bearing foliage-needles as on the current year's, and vegetative 

 shoots may arise in the axils of cone-scales. Such cones do not afford any direct 

 evidence of the identity of the bract-scale with a foliage-leaf (megasporophyll), but 

 merely indicate a mistake in the segregation of lateral appendages ; just as the cone- 

 members similarly grade from leafy members of the original leafy spur-shoot. Similar 

 cases occur in Picea excelsa, Tsuga canadensis, Abies pectinata, Pseudotsuga Douglasii. 



(5) Proliferation of the Staminate flower to a leafy system has been recorded in 

 Araucaria. 



(6) Other anomalies include cases as that of Juniperus communis, in which, by 

 failure of the syncarpous zone, the fruit is formed from 3 free scales. Germination 

 of the seeds in the cone (P. Pinea) may follow failure in the opening mechanism. 



IV. Anomalous growths induced by other organisms : Secondary growths 

 induced in response to the stimulus of attack by insects or fungi may present mere 

 irregularities of construction ; but where structures have been already elaborated to 

 a definite plan secondary changes may give conspicuous effects. 



(i) Witches' Brooms: Infected shoots give increased bud- development, to 

 characteristic bushy growths resembling the brooms of Betula commonly produced by 

 the attack of a gall-mite (Phytopus]. Distinguishing features are (i) negative geotropic 

 effects. (2) enfeebled development of internodal extensions and of the foliage-leaves, 



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