Cupressus (= Chamaecyparis) Lawsoniana. Forest-tree, Oregon, 200 ft., 

 and 6-12 ft. diam. ; most variable, 48 vars. recognized (Kew) ; similar in general 

 organization to preceding. 



Annual shoot : flexuous or erect, with dorsiventral habit throughout. Laterals 

 of i-4th degree, all produced at alternate 2nd node (some may be suppressed, but not 

 4 nodes between). Leaves closely adpressed, with translucent oval resin-gland. 

 Ramuli compressed : Phyllomorphs flexuous, horizontal, or ascending ; orientated 

 in erect radial planes in fastigiate vars. Laterals of 3rd degree shed as phyllomorphs 

 in 4th year. 



Staminate flower, with crimson pollen-sacs, 3 per scale; exposed during winter, 

 functional end of March. 



Ovulate flower, small, violet-green, usually on separate branches, of 8 scales, 

 two last rudimentary; ovules 2 (or more) per scale. Closed green cone (8 mm.), with 

 waxy bloom; ripening in autumn, with divergent scales (8-10); pale, dry, and 

 wrinkled : seeds, about 20 ; 4 mm., broadly winged ; cotyledons 2 : dead cones 

 dropped in spring. 



Seedling, with juvenile acicular leaves (5 mm.), growing 1-2 in. in first season: 

 annual increment 1-2 ft. per season. 



Note. (1) Remarkable for tendency to 'sport', as seedling- or bud-variations: 

 giving rise to ' forms ' (which do not come true to seed), distinguished by habit of 

 laterals, variations in relative dimensions of leaf and internode, amount of chlorophyll, 

 wax, &c. (as fastigiate, filiform, compacta, pendula, nana, forms ; as also alba, varie- 

 gata, aurea, lactea, versicolor ; and combinations). Much confusion may be caused by 

 treating such cases as ' species ', and giving them names without experimental obser- 

 vation of seedlings (cf. Ulmus, Salix). Bud-variations and special forms are propagated 

 by grafting on the type : but laterals (D.V.) give poor plants. 



(2) Forms of Cupressus (Japanese) with permanent 'juvenile' stage as small 

 acicular leaves, arranged in phyllomorph-systems of similar habit, are included as 

 Retinospora-foxms : may be propagated by grafting. 



(3) Phyllomorphic species with 2 ovules per scale may be isolated as Chamae- 

 cyparis (genus or sub-section). 



Theory of Cupressineae : In the simple scale-leaves, with median V.B. only, 

 and in simple wood-anatomy (no resin-ducts in wood, ray-tracheides sporadic, simple 

 pitting of M.R.P.), these forms suggest a very elementary and divergent type of 

 Conifer. But the symmetrical advanced phyllotaxis (in whorls of 2, 3, or 4) is often 

 combined with extreme specialization in D.V. shoot-systems, giving phyllomorphic 

 branch-systems in a manner beyond anything in other Pinoids. Leaf-mechanism is 

 otherwise reduced to the simplest terms, and is seen at best only in recapitulatory 

 juvenile leaves of the Juniper-type. 



The flowers express minimum reduction in size, but the pollen-sacs are normally 

 more than 2 per stamen, and the ovules more numerous per cone-scale ; only in 

 special cases {Thuya, Chamaecyparis) does the cone reduce to a few ovules and 

 a minimum of scales : Libocedrus presents a limit of 2 scales and 12 seeds per scale. 

 None attain winged pollen. 



An entirely new departure is seen in Juniper (sp.), in which the succulence of 

 the green cone is emphasized, to the extent that bird-dispersal may replace wind. 

 In these cases the cone reduces to a further minimum of 1 whorl of scales (3) and 3 

 seeds ; the new formations are largely basal and intercalary as in a syncarpous 

 ovary ; but the structure is only effective after pollination. In extreme cases (_/. drup- 

 acea) the differentiation of sclerocarp and sarcocarp imitates a drupe-type of fruit, 

 1 in. diam. 



In the simpler types the ' valvate ' appearance of the cone-scales is seen to be 

 the result of secondary growth of the original bract-scale (carpel) on both upper and 

 lower surfaces. In Thuya the first trace of this new growth appears as a crest 

 following the margin of the scale, rather than as an axillary formation ; the scales 

 being ' sealed ' by the interlocking papillose surfaces. Such cones are so far the most 

 elementary among Conifers, suggesting the origin of the ' cone-scale ' as a secondary 

 extension for the purpose of sealing the cone after the pollination of normally erect 

 axillary ovules with conspicuously exposed drop-mechanism ; these being the simplest 

 ovulate floral mechanisms of the series. 



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