JUN IPERUS (35). Northern types, widely distributed. Maximum in sub- 

 tropical regions ; trees and shrubs of Cupressoid habit, but the phyllotaxis varies to 

 whorled trimery, and the small ' cones ' remain succulent ; the scales fuse up more or 

 less, and tend to become non-dehiscent and bird-dispersed ' berries ' : often dioecious : 

 the limit of Cupressoid specialization in 3 distinct sub-sections equivalent to genera. 



I. Juniperus sinensis (= chinensis), 60 ft. tree, Himalya, Japan. 

 Shoot-system, trimerous or dimerous, varying on the same branch ; with hetero- 



phylly ; leaves acicular with waxy bloom (and stomatal tract on upper side), glaucous, 

 8 mm., with sharp points ; also decussate and adpressed (Cupressus-type) or trimerous, 

 all on the same shoot. 



Staminate flowers, abundant, on ramuli of previous season, formed in autumn, 

 functional in March, 6 mm. ; stamens 7-8 pairs, pollen-sacs 4, connective-flap yellow; 

 pollen, spherical, 30 fx : output enormous on staminate tree. 



Ovulate flower { = / sphaerica), small, green, decussate, with 2 uppermost scales 

 sterile, typically 4 ovules, 2 per scale, as in preceding, varying 6 : closing after pol- 

 lination to green cone with white waxy bloom (10 mm.) of irregular shape. Seeds 

 ripened in autumn ; cones dry and shrivelled by Dec. 



II. Juniperus communis, 40 ft. tree, indigenous as reduced dwarf (nana) form 

 on mountains, little more than 8 in. high ; leaves all acicular, 10 mm., sharp-pointed 

 and trimerous, functional 3 years ; no D.V. organization in shoot-system. Dioecious. 



Staminate flowers of 5-6 whorls of 3, pollen-sacs 3-4. 



Ovulate flowers, trimerous, terminating short ramuli of 6-7 whorls of scales ; only 

 the upper 3 scales alternate with 3 erect ovules, fusing up in green cone by basal 

 intercalation. 



'Berry' ripened in second year, glossy, 8 mm., like black currant, with blue 

 waxy bloom. At apex triradiate mark of 3 adpressed scales with papillose epidermis. 

 Pigment in epidermis only; seeds 3, 5 mm., with strongly sclerosed testa. Bird- 

 dispersed. Cotyledons 2. Seedling with acicular juvenile leaves, decussate for 1st 

 and 2nd year. The most advanced of the series : acicular leaves express a retention 

 of more ancestral stage (otherwise 'juvenile'); trimery is a secondary departure ; the 

 succulent fused cone follows as the last expression of the Biola-J. sphaerica sequence. 

 For bird-dispersal and anthocyan-pigmentation, cf. Taxus : for copious production of 

 short spur-shoots, giving a dense tufted habit to the foliage-system, cf. Cedrus. 



J. Virginiana gives ' Pencil Cedar ' ; J. communis berries ' Gin ' (Genevrier). 



Comparison of Phyllomorphic Cupressineae. 



1. Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis ; Last Phyllomorphic ramuli 2 mm. broad, 

 scales acuminate, claw-like (2 mm.) with no translucent resin-cyst, only a slight 

 median keel on D. units : Internodal extension 10 mm. 



2. Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana ; ultimate ramuli little over 1 mm. wide; 

 scales with blunt apices (and very minute mucro) and boldly waved diagonal curves: 

 Resin-cyst broadly elliptical or sub-spherical; most translucent and conspicuous (esp. 

 in sunlight). Internodal extension 10-20 mm. (40 on pendulous leader). 



3. Thuya gigantea; ultimate ramuli much compressed, 2 mm. broad; green 

 scales of lateral series with marked mucronate tips and rounded convex margin. 

 Resin-cyst narrowly elliptical and less translucent. Internodal extension 10 mm. 



4. Thuya occidentalis ; similarly compressed, with shorter ramuli ; apices 

 acute ; resin-cyst prominent and projecting at the surface. Internodal extension 

 10 mm. On main phyllomorph axes the resin-cysts appear as small blisters, and 

 a scale may show 1-2 accessory lateral ones. Foliage usually bronzed in winter. 



5. Biota orientalis ; Phyllomorphs in vertical radial planes ; ultimate ramuli, 

 short, 1 mm. broad ; marginal scales with more or less irregularly straight outline. 

 Cyst ill-marked, narrowly elongated. Internodal extension 5-10 mm. 



6. Litaocedrus decurrens; Phyllomorphic ramuli much compressed, \~\\ in. 

 long, and 2 mm. broad : apices of flanking members appearing at same level as 

 D.V. series, and so ' decurrent ' along their entire course : tips acute ; resin-cyst only 

 vaguely translucent. 



7. Retinospora-forms ; phyllomorphs with small acute acicular leaves, 

 throughout, not adpressed, and more Fern-like in appearance ; as persistent juvenile 

 phases (sports) of Cupressus, Thuya, and Biota ; cf. Retinospora obtusa as from 

 Chamaecyparis pisif era, with branch-reversion. 



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