30 



late, and in advanced and severe cases the mucous 

 membrane is either greatly thickened or may be stripped 

 off the cartilage, which becomes gelatinous and spongy, 

 and both it and bone eventually become diseased. 

 I have seen the ulcerations extend to the pharynx, 

 larynx, and upper third of the trachea, and to the 

 sinuses of the head, and Nocard and Leclainche add 

 that they may extend to the large bronchi, and that 

 occasionally specific lesions are found in the lungs. 

 Tokishige mentions that lesions of the disease are found 

 in the lungs, but they are very rare, and he points out 

 that in many incidental cases lesions of chronic pneumonia, 

 pleuro-pneumonia, and pneumonia are occasionally 

 found on post-mortem examination co-existing. He 

 also mentions that in a few cases grey nodules resem- 

 bling those of glanders are found, but he goes on to 

 state that when the saccharomyces are present the 

 lesions are in the form of a lobular pneumonia, con- 

 sisting of an interstitial cell infiltration around the bron- 

 chioli and alveoli. He also states havino- found the 

 disease in the liver and spleen. The lesions noticed by 

 me in the lungs have been confined to secondary 

 strangles, abscesses, patches of indurated pneumonia, 

 and numerous small hard nodules varying from the 

 size of a pin's head to a pea. These, in many cases, 

 very much resembled glanders, but they were not 

 surrounded by a hyperaemic zone ; they were invariably 

 calcareous and never caseous. Sections of these various 

 lesions under the microscope never revealed glanders, 

 and mallein testing and experimental inoculations of 

 donkeys and guinea-pigs produced negative results. 



Encysted parasites were recognized in many of 

 these nodules, and it was concluded that they (the 

 nodules) were in most cases possibly due to some 

 parasite, e.^.^ echinococcus, sclerostomum, etc. 



