34 



ULuS:SAIiy OF 



Li<K!irLicii)AL : when the splitting takes phice in the mid- 

 dle of the wall of each carpel, that is, along the 

 dorsal sutures (Fig. 183). 



Septifkaual: wh^n the walls split iwvay from the parti- 

 tion, leaving the latter standing (Fig. 1«S4). 



CiKcirMCissii.E: when the top of the i)ericarp comes off 

 like a lid (Fig, 1«1). 



By porks : wlien the seeds esca]>e through small open- 

 ings near the top of the capsule, as in Poppy. 



Dry Indehiscent Fruits. 



(a) Achene, a dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit, having 

 the ixjricarp free from the seed, as in Buttercup (Figs. 

 185, 18»>), and all Composites. 



(b) Cart/ni>st's or Graiii, a dry indehiscent one-.seeded 

 fruit, having the jiericarp adherent to the seed, as in the 

 Oat (Fig. 187), and Grasses generally-. 



(c) Nut, a drj- indehiscent one-seeded fruit witli a hard 

 thick pericarp, and usually the product of a syncarpous 

 pistil, in whicli all the cells and seeds but one have dis- 

 apjjeared during growth. 



The nut is often accomi)anied by a Ctijnilf or 

 hardened involucre, as in the Acorn (Fig. 188), 

 Beech-nut and Hazel-nut. 



(d) Utricle, like an Achene, but with a very thin loose 

 pericarp (Fig. 189). 



(e) Schizmarp, a dry indehiscent two-several-seeded 

 fruit, which breaks up at maturity into one-.seeded pieces 

 (carfif'ls^. each of which, howevt-r, rmut/'ns closed, as 

 in Mil!! >u- , F!'_' I'lOi and all Umbelliferous plants (Fig. 

 191). 



{I) , Samara or Key, a dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit, 

 with a thin wing, as in Elm (Fig. 1!L'), and Ash. The 

 Maple (Fig. 19."]) has a double samara, wliich splits into 

 two pieces at maturity, and so is a true schizocarp. 



B. — Fi.tiSMY FuuiTS (all indehiscent): 



(a) Drupe or .Sfour-frnit, a fleshy fruit, having a very 

 hard endocarp (the jiutumen), which encloses the seed 

 till germination, a thick and usually juicy mesocarp. and 

 a thin outer skin or epicarp. as the Piwni. CluTry, 

 Walnut and Peach (Fig. 194). 



(b) Bfrnj. a flashy fruit, having a soft and juicy 

 endocarp. in which the seeds are emWdded, as the 

 Grape, Tomato, Currant, etc. (Fig. 19.5). 



TV ' '• -:^e is a .special kind of berrj' known as a 



JIrs I' - ;/j . 





Fig. 183. 



FiK- isi- 



Fit,', l.sj. 



Kit.'. 1S6. 



Fip. 187. 



Fi^'. I8!i. 



FIr. Ittfi 



Iff. 11)1. Fiff. 1!)2. 



Fig. 198. 



Fitr. I'M. 



Fi(7. 195. 



