Art and Science 



have been associated sufficiently together, the 

 suggestion of one of them to the mind shall 

 immediately raise a suggestion of the other. 

 It is in virtue of this principle that language, 

 as we so call it, exists at all, for the essence 

 of language consists, as I have said perhaps 

 already too often, in the fixity with which 

 certain ideas are invariably connected with 

 certain symbols. But this being so, it is hard 

 to see how we can deny that the lower animals 

 possess the germs of a highly rude and un- 

 specialised, but still true language, unless we 

 also deny that they have any ideas at all ; and 

 this I gather is what Professor Max Miiller in 

 a quiet way rather wishes to do. Thus he 

 says, " It is easy enough to show that animals 

 communicate, but this is a fact which has never 

 been doubted. Dogs who growl and bark 

 leave no doubt in the minds of other dogs or 

 cats, or even of man, of what they mean, but 

 growling and barking are not language, nor do 

 they even contain the elements of language." l 

 I observe the Professor says that animals 



1 " Three Lectures on the Science of Language," Longmans, 

 1889, p. 4. 



209 O 



