Art and Science 



tools, or again how far a thrifty housewife will 

 make a very small sum of money go, or again 

 in like manner how many ideas an intelligent 

 brute can receive and convey with its very 

 limited vocabulary ; but no one will pretend 

 that a dog's intelligence can ever reach the 

 level of a man's. What we do maintain is 

 that, within its own limited range, it is of the 

 same essential character as our own, and that 

 though a dog's ideas in respect of human 

 affairs are both vague and narrow, yet in 

 respect of canine affairs they are precise 

 enough and extensive enough to deserve no 

 other name than thought or reason. We hold 

 "moreover that they communicate their ideas 

 in essentially the same manner as we do that 

 is to say, by the instrumentality of a code of 

 symbols attached to certain states of mind 

 and material objects, in the first instance arbi- 

 trarily, but so persistently, that the presentation 

 of the symbol immediately carries with it the 

 idea which it is intended to convey. Animals 

 can thus receive and impart ideas on all that 

 most concerns them. As my great namesake 



said some two hundred years ago, they know 



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