Art and Science 



visible actions in their case than we can in our 

 own. If Professor Max Miiller's plea were 

 allowed, we should have to deny our right to 

 infer confidently what passes in the mind of 

 any one not ourselves, inasmuch as we are not 

 that person. We never, indeed, can obtain 

 irrefragable certainty about this or any other 

 matter, but we can be sure enough in many 

 cases to warrant our staking all that is most 

 precious to us on the soundness of our opinion. 

 Moreover, if the Professor denies our right to 

 infer that animals reason, on the ground that 

 we are not animals enough ourselves to be 

 able to form an opinion, with what right does 

 he infer so confidently himself that they do 

 not reason ? And how, if they present every 

 one of those appearances which we are ac- 

 customed to connect with the communication 

 of an idea from one mind to another, can we 

 deny that they have a language of their own, 

 though it is one which in most cases we can 

 neither speak nor understand ? How can we 

 say that a sentinel rook, when it sees a man 

 with a gun and warns the other rooks by 



a concerted note which they all show that 



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