[7] 



inches. Huxley sums up his examination of the Nean- 

 derthal skull in these words : " There can be no doubt 

 that, as Professor Schaafhausen and Mr. Busk have 

 stated, this skull is the most brutal of all known human 

 skulls, resembling those of the apes, not only in the pro- 

 digious development of the superciliary prominences and 

 the forward extension of the orbits, but still more in the 

 depressed form of the brain-case, in the straightness of 

 the squamosal suture, and in the complete retreat of the 

 occiput forward and upward from the superior occi- 

 pital ridges ;" and he then proceeds to clearly show 

 that the skull could not have belonged to an idiot. On 

 the whole, the Engis skull more clearly approaches the 

 Caucasian type, while the Neanderthal differs entirely 

 from all known human skulls, being more nearly allied 

 to the chimpanzee than to the human. Both these 

 skulls belonged to individuals who lived in the early 

 Pleistocene era, the Engis being probably the older of 

 the two, and yet the Engis is the most like the modern 

 European skull, which tells us plainly that in those 

 remote times there were existing in Belgium and the sur- 

 rounding districts two different races of men, one highly 

 advanced in brain evolution and the other in a 

 wretchedly low condition of intellectual development. 

 The Neanderthal skull probably formed part of an indi- 

 vidual belonging to the tail-end of a semi-human race, 

 while the Engis skull, in all probability, belonged to an 

 oriental immigrant belonging to a more advanced race. 

 It must be always remembered that scientific men have 

 long since admitted the truth of the theory that the dif- 

 ferences in character between the brain of the highest 

 races of men and that of the lowest, though less in degree, 

 are of the same order as those which separate the human 

 from the ape brain, the same rule holding good in regard 

 to the shape of the skull. 



The discoveries made in Kent's Cavern, in the year 

 1842 and again in 1847, led to a thorough investigation 

 of the series of galleries forming the now celebrated 

 Brixharn Caves, near Torquay, and as early as 1859 the 

 labours of the explorers were rewarded by the discovery 

 of a number of flint implements in the cave-earth or 

 loam, underneath the layer of stalagmite, which were the 



