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growth of the whole body ; and thus it is that a newly- 

 born individual does not see, hear, or exhibit signs of 

 consciousness until some time has elapsed from birth, 

 although it is, at first, quite sensitive to cold and heat. 

 If a lighted candle be held in front of the eyes of a newly- 

 born infant, and moved to and fro, it will be at once 

 observed that the child is totally unconscious of it ; and, 

 if a gun be fired off in the room occupied by the child; 

 the effect upon the infantile organism is nil ; but, if the 

 air of the room be allowed to cool, the effect will be at 

 once perceived, for the muscles of the child will soon 

 begin to contract, and his vocal bellows to act vigorously. 

 Gradually, however, the sight, hearing, etc., become 

 adjusted, and the infant begins to take notice of surround- 

 ing objects, until at about a month after birth pain and 

 pleasure, the first indications of the dawn of the mental 

 powers, manifest themselves. Conscious, as distinguished 

 from instinctive or non-conscious, memory appears to 

 be exercised at about the thirteenth week, and to be 

 immediately followed by association of ideas, the recog- 

 nition of places and persons, and dreaming. At the same 

 time that these indications of intellectual development 

 are manifesting themselves, a corresponding unfolding of 

 the emotions is observed. Side by side with memory 

 appears fear, followed by pugnacity, play, and, later, 

 anger; while, still later, about on a par with the first 

 period of dreaming, or at about the age of five months, 

 are manifested emulation, jealousy, joy, and grief. In 

 about another month we notice that the child begins to 

 understand words, while, on the emotional side, he 

 evinces signs of awakening sympathy, curiosity, revenge, 

 and gratitude, followed within a couple of months by 

 pride, shame, deceitfulness, passionateness, cruelty, and 

 ludicrousness, which show themselves at the moment the 

 child appears to first exercise what we term true reason. 

 From this point we see rapidly unfolded the higher pro- 

 ducts of intellectual development, the first of which is 

 morality of a very indefinite kind, which immediately 

 precedes articulation at the age of about fourteen months, 

 being closely followed by knowledge of the use of various 

 simple instruments, afterwards at the age of twenty 

 months by concerted action, and still later by speech^. 



